Lever
Lifestyle
- Regular physical activity
- Weight management
- Smoking cessation
Blutwerte · Marker
Apolipoprotein B
ApoB · Apo B-100 · Apolipoprotein B-100
Lipide & Herz-Kreislauf
- Einheit:
- g/L
- Abbreviation
- ApoB
Apolipoprotein B quantifies the number of atherogenic lipoprotein particles, primarily LDL and VLDL, in the blood.
Reference Ranges
Reference
0.6–1.2g/L
0.6
0.9
1.2
LowNormalHigh
Reference
Optimal
Unit · g/LReference ranges may vary slightly depending on the laboratory and population studied. Fasting is recommended for consistency.
Overview
Übersicht
Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is a primary protein component of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), which are responsible for transporting cholesterol and triglycerides through the bloodstream. It plays a crucial role in lipid metabolism by facilitating the binding of LDL particles to LDL receptors, thus enabling their clearance from the bloodstream. Clinically, ApoB is a significant marker for assessing cardiovascular risk. Elevated levels of ApoB are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) as it reflects the number of atherogenic particles in circulation. Researchers have found that ApoB levels correlate more closely with cardiovascular risk than LDL cholesterol levels alone, making it a valuable tool in cardiovascular risk assessment. In the context of athletic performance and biohacking, maintaining optimal ApoB levels may contribute to cardiovascular health and longevity. Lower ApoB levels are generally considered beneficial, as they indicate fewer atherogenic particles. However, the relationship between ApoB levels and athletic performance is not fully understood and requires further research. Caveats in measuring ApoB include potential confounders such as genetic factors, dietary influences, and the presence of liver or kidney disease. Fasting is not strictly required for ApoB measurement, but it is often recommended to reduce variability in lipid levels. Time-of-day variations are minimal, but consistent timing for repeat tests is advised for comparability.
Klinische Bedeutung
Elevated ApoB levels indicate an increased number of atherogenic lipoprotein particles, associated with higher cardiovascular risk. Reduced ApoB levels suggest a lower risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Dynamics
Trend Interpretation
Rising Values
Progressively rising ApoB levels suggest increasing cardiovascular risk. Retesting is recommended every 3-6 months if levels are rising.
Falling Values
Falling ApoB levels may indicate improved lipid management and reduced cardiovascular risk.
Re-test Interval
6 months if outside optimal range
Etiology
Causes — High & Low
Cause
Elevated Levels
- Familial hypercholesterolemia
- High saturated fat intake
- Obesity
- Metabolic syndrome
- Hypothyroidism
Cause
Low Levels
- Malnutrition
- Hyperthyroidism
- Chronic liver disease
- Genetic disorders affecting lipoprotein production
- Severe illness or infection
Protocol
How to Optimize
Lever
Nutrition
- Reduce saturated fat intake
- Increase dietary fiber
- Consume omega-3 fatty acids
Lever
Supplementation
- Omega-3 fish oil
- Plant sterols
Note:
Consult a healthcare professional before making significant dietary or lifestyle changes, especially if you have underlying health conditions.
Testing Guidelines
✓Fasting Not Required
✓Not Time-Sensitive
Testing Frequency
Annually for individuals at risk of cardiovascular disease, more frequently if levels are abnormal.
Interfering Factors
- Recent acute illness
- Pregnancy
- Certain medications like corticosteroids
Related Peptides & Hormones
Ldl Cholesterol
hormone or peptideCorrelated with
Open Research Questions
Current research suggests that reference ranges and optimal targets for apolipoprotein B (ApoB) in various populations, particularly in relation to cardiovascular risk, remain debated. Researchers have not yet established the impact of confounders such as genetic variations and metabolic conditions on ApoB levels. Additionally, clinical questions regarding the precise role of ApoB in stratifying cardiovascular risk and its interaction with other lipid metrics, like small dense LDL, remain unanswered.
21 Research Publications
276
Total Citations
10
Human/RCT
1.8
Avg. Influence
2024
Latest
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Filter
01Top
#01
Lipoprotein(a), Oxidized Phospholipids, and Coronary Artery Disease Severity and Outcomes.
HumanInfluence2.0
93
This study explored the associations between lipoprotein(a), oxidized phospholipids, and coronary artery disease severity. Researchers found that higher levels of lipoprotein(a) and oxidized phospholipids were linked to increased risk of multivessel coronary artery disease and major adverse cardiovascular events. The findings highlight the potential of these biomarkers in assessing cardiovascular risk.
02Top
#02
APOBEC3-mediated mutagenesis in cancer: causes, clinical significance and therapeutic potential.
Butler Kelly & Banday A Rouf · Journal of hematology & oncology · 2023
ReviewInfluence4.0
51
This review discusses the role of APOBEC3 enzymes in cancer mutagenesis. Researchers summarized evidence showing that APOBEC3-mediated mutations are prevalent in various tumor types, indicating their potential significance in cancer evolution and treatment strategies.
Key findings
- 01Researchers observed that APOBEC3 enzymes are significant contributors to DNA mutations in many cancers.
- 02They identified specific triggers that increase the activity of APOBEC3, leading to more mutations.
- 03The review highlights the varying effects of APOBEC3 on cancer outcomes, suggesting its potential as a target for new treatments.
03Top
#03
Effect of Pelacarsen on Lipoprotein(a) Cholesterol and Corrected Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol.
Human
32
This study examined the effects of pelacarsen on lipoprotein(a) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with cardiovascular disease. Researchers found that pelacarsen significantly lowered direct lipoprotein(a) cholesterol levels and had a mild effect on corrected low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Additionally, total apolipoprotein B levels declined, indicating a potential benefit in managing lipid profiles.
04
#04
Molecular genetic testing for autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia in 29,449 Norwegian index patients and 14,230 relatives during the years 1993-2020.
HumanInfluence1.0
22
Researchers investigated genetic testing for mutations related to autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia in Norway. They found that a significant proportion of patients had mutations in the LDLR gene, while fewer had mutations in the APOB gene. This genetic diagnosis can help in preventive measures and identifying affected family members.
05
#05
Apolipoprotein B - An ideal biomarker for atherosclerosis?
Singh Kavita & Prabhakaran Dorairaj · Indian heart journal · 2024
ReviewInfluence1.0
21
This review highlighted the link between apolipoprotein B and atherosclerosis. Researchers summarized evidence supporting apolipoprotein B as a key biomarker for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, noting its presence in all atherogenic lipoproteins except HDL cholesterol, which could simplify lipid management.
Key findings
- 01Apo B is present in all harmful lipoproteins except for HDL-C, making it a comprehensive marker for cardiovascular risk.
- 02Measuring Apo B levels provides a direct count of atherogenic lipoproteins in the bloodstream.
- 03The review supports the use of Apo B in treatment guidelines for managing dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis.
06
#06
Estimated Small, Dense LDL Cholesterol and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in the UK Biobank.
Human
12
This research assessed the role of estimated small, dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in predicting atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk. Researchers found that both markers were significant predictors of cardiovascular events, with estimated small, dense LDL cholesterol providing better risk assessment than traditional measures.
07
#07
Interleukin-6 modifies Lipoprotein(a) and oxidized phospholipids associated cardiovascular disease risk in a secondary prevention cohort.
Human
10
This analysis explored the impact of interleukin-6 on cardiovascular risk associated with lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) and oxidized phospholipids. Researchers found that elevated IL-6 levels modified the cardiovascular risk linked to Lp(a) and oxidized phospholipids in patients with chronic coronary syndrome.
08
#08
Current Diagnosis and Management of Familial Hypobetalipoproteinemia 1.
ReviewInfluence1.0
8
This article discussed familial hypobetalipoproteinemia, a genetic disorder affecting apolipoprotein B function. Researchers noted that defects in the APOB gene lead to impaired lipoprotein formation, resulting in significant health complications. The study emphasized the need for awareness and potential management strategies.
09
#09
Association between serum apolipoprotein B and atrial fibrillation: a case-control study.
Zhong Xia, et al. · Scientific reports · 2022
Human
8
This case-control study investigated the association between apolipoprotein B (APOB) levels and atrial fibrillation (AF). Researchers found that lower APOB levels were independently associated with AF, suggesting that APOB may serve as a potential biomarker for this condition.
Key findings
- 01AF patients had significantly lower levels of APOB compared to those without AF.
- 02There was a strong negative association between APOB levels and the presence of AF, regardless of other factors.
- 03APOB levels were positively correlated with total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
10
#10
Standardising lipid testing and reporting in the United Kingdom; a joint statement by HEART UK and The Association for Laboratory Medicine.
Review
5
This consensus guidance focused on standardizing lipid testing and reporting in the UK. Researchers emphasized the importance of including apolipoprotein B in lipid profiles to better assess cardiovascular risk. The recommendations aim to improve clinical management decisions regarding lipid testing.
Publication Trend
Research publications about Apolipoprotein B over time
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