Lever
Lifestyle
- Regular aerobic exercise
- Weight management
- Smoking cessation
Blutwerte · Marker
Apolipoprotein B
ApoB · Apo B-100 · Apolipoprotein B-100
Lipide & Herz-KreislaufNüchtern erforderlich
- Einheit:
- g/L
- Abbreviation
- ApoB
Apolipoprotein B quantifies the primary protein component of LDL and VLDL particles in the blood.
Reference Ranges
Reference
0.6–1.2g/L
0.6
1
1.2
LowNormalHigh
Reference
Optimal
Unit · g/LReference ranges may vary based on age, sex, and population. Fasting is recommended for accurate assessment.
Overview
Übersicht
Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is a primary protein component of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), which are responsible for transporting cholesterol and triglycerides through the bloodstream. ApoB serves as a structural protein for these lipoproteins and plays a crucial role in lipid metabolism. Clinically, ApoB is an important biomarker for cardiovascular risk assessment. Elevated levels of ApoB are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases, as ApoB-containing lipoproteins contribute to plaque formation in arterial walls. Researchers have found that ApoB levels can provide a more accurate risk assessment for cardiovascular diseases than LDL cholesterol alone. In the context of athletic performance and biohacking, maintaining optimal ApoB levels is considered beneficial for cardiovascular health, which can enhance endurance and overall physical performance. Longevity enthusiasts may focus on ApoB as part of a strategy to reduce cardiovascular risk and improve lifespan. However, factors such as genetic predisposition, diet, and lifestyle can influence ApoB levels. Fasting is typically required before testing to ensure accurate measurements, as recent food intake can affect lipid levels. Additionally, time of day and recent physical activity may also impact test results, necessitating consistent testing conditions for reliable monitoring.
Klinische Bedeutung
Elevated ApoB levels indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases due to higher concentrations of atherogenic lipoproteins. Reduced levels may suggest lower cardiovascular risk but could also indicate malabsorption or liver dysfunction.
Dynamics
Trend Interpretation
Rising Values
Progressively rising ApoB levels suggest increasing cardiovascular risk. Retest in 4 weeks if levels are outside the optimal range.
Falling Values
Falling ApoB levels may indicate improved lipid management or underlying health issues such as malabsorption.
Re-test Interval
4 weeks if outside optimal range
Etiology
Causes — High & Low
Cause
Elevated Levels
- Familial hypercholesterolemia
- Diet high in saturated fats
- Obesity
- Type 2 diabetes
- Hypothyroidism
- Chronic kidney disease
Cause
Low Levels
- Malabsorption syndromes
- Liver disease
- Hyperthyroidism
- Malnutrition
- Genetic disorders affecting lipid metabolism
Protocol
How to Optimize
Lever
Nutrition
- Diet low in saturated fats
- Increase intake of omega-3 fatty acids
- Consume more fiber-rich foods
Lever
Supplementation
- Omega-3 fish oil
- Plant sterols
Note:
Consult a healthcare provider before starting any supplementation, especially if you have underlying health conditions.
Testing Guidelines
🍽️Fasting Required
✓Not Time-Sensitive
Testing Frequency
Annually for healthy adults, more frequently if managing cardiovascular risk.
Interfering Factors
- Recent intense exercise
- Non-fasting state
- Acute illness
Related Peptides & Hormones
Insulin
hormone or peptideCorrelated with
Open Research Questions
Current research suggests that reference ranges for apolipoprotein B may vary significantly based on age, sex, and ethnicity, which remains understudied. Researchers have not yet established optimal targets for apolipoprotein B in relation to cardiovascular disease risk and its confounding factors. Additionally, clinical questions remain unanswered regarding the long-term implications of apolipoprotein B levels on disease progression in conditions like NAFLD and cardiovascular diseases.
47 Research Publications
1,180
Total Citations
27
Human/RCT
3.6
Avg. Influence
2024
Latest
Sort
Filter
01Top
#01
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein as a biomarker of cardiovascular diseases.
ReviewInfluence13.0
324
This study evaluated oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) as a biomarker for cardiovascular diseases. Researchers found that circulating OxLDL levels are associated with all stages of atherosclerosis and various cardiovascular conditions. The study suggests that OxLDL could improve risk assessment and management in cardiovascular medicine.
02Top
#02
Biomarkers in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
ReviewInfluence10.0
173
This study examined biomarkers used to diagnose and assess the severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Researchers found that emerging biomarkers, including apolipoprotein B, could provide valuable information alongside traditional biomarkers. They emphasized the need for age-specific reference intervals for clinical utility.
03Top
#03
Ezetimibe: cholesterol lowering and beyond.
HumanInfluence4.0
150
This research focused on the cholesterol-lowering effects of ezetimibe and its impact on various lipid parameters, including apolipoprotein B. Researchers found that ezetimibe not only lowers LDL cholesterol but may also reduce apolipoprotein B levels and triglycerides. The study highlights the potential of ezetimibe in reducing cardiovascular disease risk.
04
#04
Lipoprotein(a), Oxidized Phospholipids, and Coronary Artery Disease Severity and Outcomes.
HumanInfluence2.0
93
This study explored the associations between lipoprotein(a), oxidized phospholipids, and coronary artery disease severity. Researchers found that higher levels of lipoprotein(a) and oxidized phospholipids were linked to increased risk of multivessel coronary artery disease and major adverse cardiovascular events. The findings highlight the potential of these biomarkers in assessing cardiovascular risk.
05
#05
The effects of apolipoprotein B depletion on HDL subspecies composition and function.
In VitroInfluence2.0
62
This study investigated the effects of different methods for precipitating apolipoprotein B on HDL subspecies composition. Researchers found that various methods significantly altered HDL size distribution and apolipoprotein quantities. The findings suggest careful selection of precipitation methods is crucial for accurate HDL function assessments.
06
#06
APOBEC3-mediated mutagenesis in cancer: causes, clinical significance and therapeutic potential.
Butler Kelly & Banday A Rouf · Journal of hematology & oncology · 2023
ReviewInfluence4.0
51
This review discusses the role of APOBEC3 enzymes in cancer mutagenesis. Researchers summarized evidence showing that APOBEC3-mediated mutations are prevalent in various tumor types, indicating their potential significance in cancer evolution and treatment strategies.
Key findings
- 01Researchers observed that APOBEC3 enzymes are significant contributors to DNA mutations in many cancers.
- 02They identified specific triggers that increase the activity of APOBEC3, leading to more mutations.
- 03The review highlights the varying effects of APOBEC3 on cancer outcomes, suggesting its potential as a target for new treatments.
07
#07
LOX-1 in atherosclerotic disease.
HumanInfluence1.0
50
This study investigated the role of LOX-1 in atherosclerotic disease and its association with apolipoprotein B. Researchers found that serum levels of LOX-1 ligand containing apoB (LAB) were positively associated with carotid intima-media thickness and the incidence of coronary artery disease. The study suggests that measuring LAB could be useful for evaluating atherosclerosis risk.
08
09
#09
Effect of Pelacarsen on Lipoprotein(a) Cholesterol and Corrected Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol.
Human
31
This study assessed the effects of pelacarsen on lipoprotein(a) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with cardiovascular disease. Researchers found that pelacarsen significantly reduced lipoprotein(a) cholesterol levels and had a neutral to mild effect on LDL cholesterol. Total apolipoprotein B levels also declined, indicating potential benefits in lipid management.
10
#10
Discovery of Biomarkers for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis from Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Using Mass-Spectrometry-Based Proteomics.
UnknownInfluence1.0
30
Clinical Trials (3)
3
Total Trials
554
Total Enrolled
Dairy Lipids and Cardiometabolic Risk
NCT05783466RECRUITING
Sponsor
Hospices Civils de Lyon
Enrollment
75
Started
2023
Primary outcome
Total plasma apolipoprotein B concentration
Morbid Obesity
Hpx•apoB Product as a Biomarker for Coronary Artery Disease
NCT07126132COMPLETED
Sponsor
Shiyan City Renmin Hospital
Enrollment
460
Started
2019
Primary outcome
Odds Ratio for the Presence of Coronary Artery Disease per Unit Increase in Hpx•apoB Product
Coronary Artery Disease
The Association of SAA With Apolipoprotein B Affects Cardiovascular Risk
NCT02770872COMPLETED
Sponsor
Lisa Tannock
Enrollment
19
Started
2014
Primary outcome
Post-prandial SAA content on apoB containing lipoproteins after consumption of a high fat shake
Cardiovascular Disease
Publication Trend
Research publications about Apolipoprotein B over time
10totalTrack your bloodwork in PepStack
Log lab results, track trends and optimize your biomarkers over time.
Legal Disclaimer
This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer