Lever
Lifestyle
- Regular physical activity
- Weight management
- Smoking cessation
Blutwerte · Marker
Apolipoprotein B
ApoB · Apo B-100 · Apolipoprotein B-100
Lipide & Herz-Kreislauf
- Einheit:
- g/L
- Abbreviation
- ApoB
Apolipoprotein B quantifies the concentration of ApoB protein, reflecting the number of atherogenic lipoprotein particles in the blood.
Reference Ranges
Reference
0.6–1.2g/L
0.6
0.9
1.2
LowNormalHigh
Reference
Optimal
Unit · g/LReference ranges may vary slightly between laboratories. Fasting is not required for ApoB measurement.
Overview
Übersicht
Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is a primary protein component of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), which are responsible for transporting cholesterol and triglycerides in the bloodstream. It plays a crucial role in lipid metabolism and is essential for the formation of LDL particles. Clinically, ApoB is a significant marker for assessing cardiovascular risk. Elevated levels of ApoB are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) as they reflect the number of atherogenic lipoprotein particles, which can contribute to plaque formation in arteries. In the context of athletic performance and biohacking, maintaining optimal ApoB levels may be important for cardiovascular health and longevity. Lower ApoB levels are often targeted to reduce cardiovascular risk, which is a common goal in longevity-focused health strategies. However, ApoB levels can be influenced by various factors, including genetic predispositions, dietary habits, and metabolic conditions. Researchers have found that genetic mutations in the APOB gene can lead to conditions like autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia. Time-of-day and fasting status generally do not significantly affect ApoB measurements, but it is important to consider potential confounders such as recent dietary intake or metabolic conditions that may alter lipid profiles.
Klinische Bedeutung
Elevated ApoB levels indicate a higher number of atherogenic lipoprotein particles, increasing the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Reduced ApoB levels are generally considered protective against cardiovascular events.
Dynamics
Trend Interpretation
Rising Values
Progressively rising ApoB levels suggest increasing cardiovascular risk. Re-test in 4-6 weeks if levels are outside the optimal range.
Falling Values
Progressively falling ApoB levels may indicate improved lipid management and reduced cardiovascular risk.
Re-test Interval
4 weeks if outside optimal range
Etiology
Causes — High & Low
Cause
Elevated Levels
- Genetic hyperlipidemia
- High saturated fat intake
- Obesity
- Metabolic syndrome
- Diabetes mellitus
- Hypothyroidism
Cause
Low Levels
- Malnutrition
- Hyperthyroidism
- Chronic liver disease
- Genetic disorders affecting lipid metabolism
- Severe acute illness
- Certain medications
Protocol
How to Optimize
Lever
Nutrition
- Increase dietary fiber
- Reduce saturated fat intake
- Consume omega-3 fatty acids
Lever
Supplementation
- Fish oil
- Plant sterols
Note:
Consult a healthcare provider before starting any supplementation, especially if you have underlying health conditions.
Testing Guidelines
✓Fasting Not Required
✓Not Time-Sensitive
Testing Frequency
Annually for individuals at risk of cardiovascular disease, more frequently if managing hyperlipidemia.
Interfering Factors
- Recent dietary intake
- Acute illness
- Certain medications
Related Peptides & Hormones
Lipoprotein A
hormone or peptideCorrelated with
Open Research Questions
Current research suggests that reference ranges and optimal targets for apolipoprotein B (ApoB) in various populations remain debated, particularly in relation to cardiovascular risk assessment. Researchers have not yet established the impact of confounding factors such as genetic variations and concurrent lipid profiles on ApoB levels. Additionally, clinical questions remain unanswered regarding the long-term implications of elevated ApoB in specific patient populations, particularly in the context of liver disease and immune dysfunction.
19 Research Publications
257
Total Citations
9
Human/RCT
1.8
Avg. Influence
2024
Latest
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Filter
01Top
#01
Lipoprotein(a), Oxidized Phospholipids, and Coronary Artery Disease Severity and Outcomes.
Human
88
This study explored the relationships between lipoprotein(a), oxidized phospholipids, and coronary artery disease severity. Researchers found that both lipoprotein(a) and oxidized phospholipids were associated with increased risks of multivessel coronary artery disease and major adverse cardiovascular events.
02Top
#02
APOBEC3-mediated mutagenesis in cancer: causes, clinical significance and therapeutic potential.
Butler Kelly & Banday A Rouf · Journal of hematology & oncology · 2023
ReviewInfluence4.0
51
This review discusses the role of APOBEC3 enzymes in cancer mutagenesis. Researchers summarized evidence showing that APOBEC3-mediated mutations are prevalent in various tumor types, indicating their potential significance in cancer evolution and treatment strategies.
Key findings
- 01Researchers observed that APOBEC3 enzymes are significant contributors to DNA mutations in many cancers.
- 02They identified specific triggers that increase the activity of APOBEC3, leading to more mutations.
- 03The review highlights the varying effects of APOBEC3 on cancer outcomes, suggesting its potential as a target for new treatments.
03Top
#03
Effect of Pelacarsen on Lipoprotein(a) Cholesterol and Corrected Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol.
Human
32
This study examined the effects of pelacarsen on lipoprotein(a) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in patients with cardiovascular disease. Researchers found that pelacarsen significantly reduced lipoprotein(a) cholesterol levels and had a mild effect on LDL-C. Additionally, total apolipoprotein B declined, indicating changes in lipid profiles.
04
#04
Molecular genetic testing for autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia in 29,449 Norwegian index patients and 14,230 relatives during the years 1993-2020.
HumanInfluence1.0
22
Researchers investigated genetic testing for autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia in Norway, focusing on mutations in the LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9 genes. They found that 9.6% of hypercholesterolemic patients had mutations, with the majority in the LDLR gene. This study highlights the importance of genetic diagnosis for preventive measures in affected families.
05
#05
Apolipoprotein B - An ideal biomarker for atherosclerosis?
Singh Kavita & Prabhakaran Dorairaj · Indian heart journal · 2024
ReviewInfluence1.0
17
This review article discusses the role of apolipoprotein B as a biomarker for atherosclerosis. Researchers highlighted that apolipoprotein B is present in all atherogenic lipoproteins, making it a valuable marker for assessing cardiovascular disease risk and guiding treatment.
Key findings
- 01Apo B is present in all harmful lipoproteins except for HDL-C, making it a comprehensive marker for cardiovascular risk.
- 02Measuring Apo B levels provides a direct count of atherogenic lipoproteins in the bloodstream.
- 03The review supports the use of Apo B in treatment guidelines for managing dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis.
06
#06
Interleukin-6 modifies Lipoprotein(a) and oxidized phospholipids associated cardiovascular disease risk in a secondary prevention cohort.
Human
10
This analysis explored the impact of interleukin-6 on cardiovascular risk associated with lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) and oxidized phospholipids. Researchers found that elevated IL-6 levels modified the cardiovascular risk linked to Lp(a) and oxidized phospholipids in patients with chronic coronary syndrome.
07
#07
Estimated Small, Dense LDL Cholesterol and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in the UK Biobank.
Human
9
Researchers assessed the role of estimated small, dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (E-sdLDL-C) in predicting atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in a large cohort. They found that E-sdLDL-C and apolipoprotein B were significant risk factors, outperforming traditional LDL-C measurements in risk assessment.
08
#08
Association between serum apolipoprotein B and atrial fibrillation: a case-control study.
Zhong Xia, et al. · Scientific reports · 2022
Human
8
This case-control study investigated the association between apolipoprotein B (APOB) levels and atrial fibrillation (AF). Researchers found that lower APOB levels were independently associated with AF, suggesting that APOB may serve as a potential biomarker for this condition.
Key findings
- 01AF patients had significantly lower levels of APOB compared to those without AF.
- 02There was a strong negative association between APOB levels and the presence of AF, regardless of other factors.
- 03APOB levels were positively correlated with total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
09
#09
Current Diagnosis and Management of Familial Hypobetalipoproteinemia 1.
ReviewInfluence1.0
7
This article reviewed familial hypobetalipoproteinemia, a genetic disorder affecting apolipoprotein B function. Researchers noted that defects in the APOB gene lead to significant lipid metabolism issues, with homozygous cases resulting in severe complications. The study emphasizes the need for awareness and potential management strategies.
10
#10
Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular risk.
Review
4
This review discusses the role of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein cholesterol (TRL-C) and its association with cardiovascular risk. Researchers observed that the cardiovascular risk related to TRL cholesterol may be greater than that related to apolipoprotein B, indicating the need for further investigation into their relationship.
Publication Trend
Research publications about Apolipoprotein B over time
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