Lever
Lifestyle
- Regular exercise
- Stress management
- Adequate sleep
Blutwerte · Marker
Glutathion
Glutathione · GSH · Reduced Glutathione · Master Antioxidant
Longevity & Biohacking
- Einheit:
- mmol/L
- Abbreviation
- GSH
Glutathione (GSH) levels in the blood, reflecting antioxidant capacity and redox balance.
Reference Ranges
Reference
0.5–5mmol/L
0.5
1
3
5
LowNormalHigh
Reference
Optimal
Unit · mmol/LReference ranges may vary based on laboratory and population. No standardized range universally accepted.
Overview
Übersicht
Glutathione (GSH), also known as reduced glutathione, is a tripeptide composed of glutamine, cysteine, and glycine. It functions as a critical antioxidant within the body, participating in cellular redox reactions to maintain oxidative balance. GSH plays a vital role in detoxifying xenobiotics, protecting protein thiols from oxidation, and regulating the cell cycle. Clinically, GSH is significant due to its involvement in reducing oxidative stress and enhancing immune function. Researchers have found that altered GSH levels are associated with various conditions, including schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease, where oxidative stress is a contributing factor. In the context of longevity and biohacking, GSH is valued for its potential to mitigate age-related oxidative damage, thereby supporting cellular health and longevity. Athletes and biohackers may focus on optimizing GSH levels to enhance recovery and performance. However, researchers observed that GSH levels can be influenced by factors such as age, diet, and environmental toxins. Time-of-day variations and fasting states may also affect GSH measurements, necessitating standardized testing conditions to ensure accurate assessments.
Klinische Bedeutung
Elevated GSH levels may indicate enhanced antioxidant capacity, while reduced levels can suggest oxidative stress or impaired detoxification processes.
Dynamics
Trend Interpretation
Rising Values
Progressively rising GSH levels suggest improved antioxidant capacity. Re-test in 6 months to confirm stability.
Falling Values
Falling GSH levels may indicate increased oxidative stress or impaired synthesis.
Re-test Interval
6 months if outside optimal range
Etiology
Causes — High & Low
Cause
Elevated Levels
- Supplementation
- Diet rich in sulfur-containing foods
- Reduced oxidative stress
- Increased detoxification demand
Cause
Low Levels
- Oxidative stress
- Nutrient deficiencies (e.g., cysteine)
- Chronic disease
- Aging
Protocol
How to Optimize
Lever
Nutrition
- Consume cruciferous vegetables
- Increase intake of sulfur-rich foods
- Maintain a balanced diet
Lever
Supplementation
- N-acetylcysteine (NAC)
- Alpha-lipoic acid
- Glutathione supplements
Note:
Consult a healthcare provider before starting supplementation, especially if you have underlying health conditions.
Testing Guidelines
✓Fasting Not Required
✓Not Time-Sensitive
GSH levels may fluctuate throughout the day; morning samples recommended.
Testing Frequency
Annually for health monitoring; more frequently if managing specific health conditions.
Interfering Factors
- Recent intense exercise
- Dietary intake of antioxidants
Related Peptides & Hormones
Glutathione Peroxidase
hormone or peptideCorrelated with
Open Research Questions
Current research suggests that reference ranges for glutathione (GSH) levels in various populations, particularly in relation to specific diseases like schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease, remain debated. Researchers have not yet established optimal GSH targets for different clinical contexts or identified all potential confounders affecting GSH measurements. Additionally, unanswered clinical questions include the precise role of GSH dysregulation in the heterogeneity of schizophrenia and its predictive value for the onset of Parkinson's disease.
44 Research Publications
1,080
Total Citations
9
Human/RCT
4.4
Avg. Influence
2018
Latest
Sort
Filter
01Top
#01
Molecular mechanisms and potential clinical significance of S-glutathionylation.
ReviewInfluence12.0
309
Researchers explored the molecular mechanisms of protein S-glutathionylation, which involves the reversible binding of glutathione to proteins. They noted its potential role in various diseases, including cataracts and Alzheimer's, emphasizing the need for further investigation into its clinical significance.
02Top
#02
Glutathione redox imbalance in brain disorders.
ReviewInfluence11.0
224
This review summarized evidence linking glutathione redox imbalance to various brain disorders. Researchers found that glutathione depletion is associated with neurodegenerative diseases and may serve as a biomarker for diagnosis and treatment strategies.
03Top
#03
Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione.
HumanInfluence3.0
120
Researchers conducted a randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores in healthy adults. They found that glutathione levels in blood and other compartments increased significantly after supplementation, indicating its bioavailability and potential to reduce oxidative stress.
04
#04
Glutathione Peroxidase GPX1 and Its Dichotomous Roles in Cancer.
ReviewInfluence4.0
107
Researchers reviewed the role of glutathione peroxidase GPX1 in cancer. They found that GPX1 has complex roles in tumor biology and may serve as a potential biomarker for cancer risk, though its associations remain controversial.
05
#05
Glutathione as a Redox Biomarker in Mitochondrial Disease-Implications for Therapy.
ReviewInfluence1.0
76
Researchers discussed the importance of glutathione as a redox biomarker in mitochondrial diseases. They found that measuring glutathione levels could aid in evaluating mitochondrial dysfunction and guide the development of new therapies.
06
#06
An Update on Glutathione's Biosynthesis, Metabolism, Functions, and Medicinal Purposes.
ReviewInfluence2.0
68
This review examined glutathione's role in physiological processes, highlighting its importance in antioxidant defense, detoxification, and immune regulation. Researchers found that maintaining proper glutathione levels is essential for health and may aid in treating age-related disorders.
07
#07
In Vivo Brain GSH: MRS Methods and Clinical Applications.
In VitroInfluence1.0
52
This study focused on in vivo brain glutathione measurement using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Researchers aimed to establish normal GSH concentrations in different brain areas, which could aid in understanding neurological disorders and GSH's role as a biomarker.
08
#08
Glutathione dynamics in subcellular compartments and implications for drug development.
ReviewInfluence1.0
27
Researchers reviewed the dynamics of glutathione in subcellular compartments and its implications for drug development. They highlighted the importance of understanding GSH regulation in various organelles to inform therapeutic strategies targeting intracellular GSH levels.
09
#09
Plasma Glutathione and Prodromal Parkinson's Disease Probability.
Human
24
This study examined the association between plasma glutathione levels and the risk of prodromal Parkinson's disease. Researchers found that higher plasma glutathione levels were linked to a slower increase in the probability of developing Parkinson's disease over time.
10
#10
Microsomal glutathione transferase 1 in cancer and the regulation of ferroptosis.
Review
20
This review focused on microsomal glutathione transferase 1 (MGST1) and its role in cancer and ferroptosis. Researchers highlighted MGST1's protective functions against oxidative stress and its potential implications in cancer progression and therapeutic responses.
Clinical Trials (13)
13
Total Trials
1,161
Total Enrolled
Intestinal Ischemia Biomarker in Patients With Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia
NCT06468774RECRUITING
Sponsor
Oslo University Hospital
Enrollment
180
Started
2024
Primary outcome
Plasma alpha Glutathione S transferase
Chronic Mesenteric IschemiaMedian Arcuate Ligament SyndromeCrohn DiseaseCholelithiasis
The Impact of Oral Glutathione on Oxidative Damage and Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Patients
NCT06313164COMPLETED
Sponsor
S.LAB (SOLOWAYS)
Enrollment
217
Started
2023
Primary outcome
Сhanged glutathione (GSH) levels in erythrocyte hemolysate change in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes
Honey Consumption, Oxidative Stress and Health
NCT05756842UNKNOWN
Sponsor
University of Thessaly
Enrollment
20
Started
2023
Primary outcome
Change in glutathione concentration of erythrocytes
Oxidative Stress
Sideritis Supplementation, Oxidative Stress and Health
NCT05729659COMPLETED
Sponsor
University of Thessaly
Enrollment
30
Started
2023
Primary outcome
Change in glutathione concentration
Oxidative StressLipidemia
Assessment of N-Acetylcysteine as Therapy for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Sponsor
Weill Medical College of Cornell University
Enrollment
95
Started
2020
Primary outcome
Change in GSH levels of treatment response: measure 1
Chronic Fatigue SyndromeMyalgic Encephalomyelitis
Bioavailability of PRUVIN® and Its Effects in Healthy Subjects (INDIGO)
NCT05041179COMPLETED
Sponsor
Société des Produits Nestlé (SPN)
Enrollment
128
Started
2019
Primary outcome
Total reduced glutathione
Oxidative Stress
Alpha-Glutathione-S-Transferase (AlphaGST) and MARINA Index in Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated-Steatotic-Liver-Disease (MASLD)
NCT05804955COMPLETED
Sponsor
University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli
Enrollment
260
Started
2017
Primary outcome
Alpha-Glutathione-S-Transferase (alpha GST) prediction of advanced fibrosis
Fatty Liver
Pharmacological Treatment of a Rare Genetic Disease: N-acetylcysteine in Myopathy Associated Selenoprotein N-related Myopathy (SEPN1-RM)
Sponsor
Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
Enrollment
7
Started
2015
Primary outcome
Ratio of reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione in blood erythrocytes.
Selenoprotein N-related Myopathy
Vitamin B-6 and Glutathione on Inflammation, Homocysteine, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Capacities
NCT02321579UNKNOWN
Sponsor
Taichung Veterans General Hospital
Enrollment
25
Started
2014
Primary outcome
Oxidative stress marker (MDA concentation)
Liver CirrhosisLiver Cancer
The Effects of Obesity on Glutathione Levels in Patients With Chronic Periodontitis Before and After Periodontal Therapy
Sponsor
Figen ÖNGÖZ DEDE
Enrollment
60
Started
2013
Primary outcome
Biochemical parameters (GSH and GSSG levels, GSH/GSSG ratio )
Obesity
Effect of Undenatured Cysteine-Rich Whey Protein Isolate (HMS 90®) in Patients With Parkinson's Disease
Sponsor
Chulalongkorn University
Enrollment
38
Started
2011
Primary outcome
Biomarkers of oxidative stress, i.e., plasma glutathione (reduced and oxidized forms), urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, and urinary total antioxidant status
Parkinson DiseaseParkinsonian DisordersBasal Ganglia DiseasesBrain DiseasesCentral Nervous System DiseasesNervous System DiseasesMovement DisordersNeurodegenerative Diseases
Oral Glutathione Supplementation on the Levels of Blood Glutathione
NCT01044277COMPLETED
Sponsor
Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
Enrollment
61
Started
2010
Primary outcome
Evaluation of the effect of glutathione on key biomarkers
Healthy Adults
Treating Oxidative Stress in Children With Autism
NCT00692315COMPLETED
Sponsor
Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute
Enrollment
40
Started
2006
Primary outcome
Glutathione redox status (GSH/GSSG)
Autistic Disorder
Publication Trend
Research publications about Glutathion over time
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