Lever
Lifestyle
- Regular physical activity
- Stress management
- Adequate hydration
Critical Thresholds
Seek immediate emergency care if magnesium < 0.5 mmol/L or > 1.5 mmol/L.
Critical Low0.5 mmol/LCritical High1.5 mmol/L
Blutwerte · Marker
Magnesium
Serum Magnesium · Mg
Elektrolyte
- Einheit:
- mmol/L
- Abbreviation
- Mg2+
The test quantifies the concentration of magnesium in the blood, specifically in the serum.
Reference Ranges
Reference
0.7–1mmol/L
0.5
0.7
0.85
1
1.5
LowNormalHigh
Reference
Optimal
Critical
Unit · mmol/LRanges may vary slightly based on laboratory standards.
Overview
Übersicht
Magnesium (Mg2+), an essential electrolyte, is the fourth most abundant cation in the human body, playing a pivotal role as a cofactor in over 600 enzymatic reactions. It is crucial for energy metabolism, neuromuscular function, cardiovascular health, bone integrity, immune defense, and psychological well-being. Researchers have found that total serum magnesium is the most commonly used measurement in laboratory medicine, although it does not fully reflect intracellular magnesium status. Clinically, magnesium is significant in diagnosing and managing conditions such as hypomagnesemia, which is prevalent in individuals with comorbidities and can lead to symptoms like hypertension, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and migraines. In the context of athletic performance and biohacking, magnesium supports cardiometabolic resilience, skeletal strength, and neurological stability, making it a focus for those aiming to optimize physical and mental performance. However, researchers observed that serum magnesium levels are influenced by renal function and do not necessarily indicate intracellular magnesium status. Factors such as dietary intake, chronic diseases, and medication use can confound magnesium measurements, and the timing of the test (e.g., fasting status) may also affect results.
Klinische Bedeutung
Reduced magnesium levels (hypomagnesemia) can indicate conditions such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and osteoporosis. Elevated magnesium levels (hypermagnesemia) are less common but can occur in cases of renal failure or excessive supplementation.
Dynamics
Trend Interpretation
Rising Values
Progressively rising magnesium levels may indicate renal dysfunction or excessive supplementation. Re-test in 4 weeks if levels are outside the optimal range.
Falling Values
Progressively falling magnesium levels suggest potential dietary insufficiency or increased renal loss.
Re-test Interval
4 weeks if outside optimal range
Etiology
Causes — High & Low
Cause
Elevated Levels
- Renal failure
- Excessive magnesium supplementation
- Dehydration
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Hypothyroidism
Cause
Low Levels
- Inadequate dietary intake
- Chronic alcoholism
- Diabetes mellitus
- Prolonged diarrhea
- Diuretic use
Protocol
How to Optimize
Lever
Nutrition
- Increased intake of leafy greens
- Nuts and seeds
- Whole grains
Lever
Supplementation
- Magnesium citrate
- Magnesium glycinate
Note:
Consult a healthcare provider before starting supplementation, especially if you have kidney issues.
Testing Guidelines
✓Fasting Not Required
✓Not Time-Sensitive
Testing Frequency
Annually for healthy adults, more frequently if symptomatic or at risk.
Interfering Factors
- Recent intense exercise
- Diuretic use
- Chronic diarrhea
Related Peptides & Hormones
Parathyroid Hormone
hormone or peptideMay affect
Open Research Questions
Current research suggests that reference ranges for serum magnesium may not accurately reflect intracellular magnesium status, leading to potential misdiagnosis of deficiency. Researchers have not yet established optimal targets for magnesium levels in various populations, particularly in relation to chronic diseases and aging. Additionally, clinical questions remain unanswered regarding the effectiveness of different magnesium supplementation strategies and the long-term health impacts of varying magnesium intake levels.
41 Research Publications
1,761
Total Citations
12
Human/RCT
4.7
Avg. Influence
2025
Latest
Sort
Filter
01Top
#01
Magnesium metabolism in health and disease.
ReviewInfluence25.0
380
Researchers discussed magnesium's vital role in health, noting that deficiency can lead to various health issues. They highlighted the limitations of current testing methods for assessing magnesium status, emphasizing the need for better diagnostic tools.
02Top
#02
Magnesium degradation under physiological conditions - Best practice.
ReviewInfluence6.0
258
03Top
#03
Magnesium in clinical medicine.
ReviewInfluence7.0
193
This review focused on the clinical significance of magnesium deficiency and its role in various diseases. Researchers found that magnesium deficiency is linked to conditions like hypertension and ischemic heart disease. The study discusses the therapeutic potential of magnesium in certain clinical scenarios.
04
#04
Hypomagnesemia: a clinical perspective.
ReviewInfluence16.0
154
This review focused on the clinical significance of hypomagnesemia and its management. Researchers found that magnesium's role in health is often underappreciated, and they provided an overview of both congenital and acquired conditions affecting magnesium metabolism. The study emphasizes the need for better evaluation and management strategies for hypomagnesemia.
05
#05
The role of magnesium in different inflammatory diseases.
ReviewInfluence3.0
89
This review examined the role of magnesium deficiency in various inflammatory diseases. Researchers found that magnesium deficiency can trigger inflammation and is associated with conditions like diabetes and atherosclerosis. The study emphasizes the need for further research on magnesium's role in inflammation.
06
#06
Dietary Magnesium May Be Protective for Aging of Bone and Skeletal Muscle in Middle and Younger Older Age Men and Women: Cross-Sectional Findings from the UK Biobank Cohort.
HumanInfluence2.0
88
This study analyzed the association between dietary magnesium intake and musculoskeletal health in older adults. Researchers found significant correlations between higher magnesium intake and improved grip strength, skeletal muscle mass, and bone density, suggesting dietary magnesium may play a protective role against age-related musculoskeletal decline.
07
#07
Chronic magnesium deficiency and human disease; time for reappraisal?
ReviewInfluence3.0
79
Researchers highlighted that chronic magnesium deficiency is often unrecognized and can exacerbate major disorders. They suggested that serum magnesium levels may not accurately reflect body magnesium stores and called for consideration of magnesium supplementation in high-risk patients, even when serum levels appear normal.
08
#08
Recommendation on an updated standardization of serum magnesium reference ranges.
Rosanoff Andrea, et al. · European journal of nutrition · 2022
ReviewInfluence11.0
67
This study addressed the need for standardization in serum magnesium reference ranges. Researchers found significant variability in current cut-off values for hypomagnesemia, which may lead to underdiagnosis of magnesium deficiency in clinical settings.
Key findings
- 01Researchers observed that only 2 out of 43 institutions used the proposed low cut-off of 0.85 mmol/L to define low magnesium status.
- 02They found that many reference ranges include individuals with chronic latent magnesium deficit, potentially misdiagnosing their magnesium status.
- 03The study highlights the urgent need for standardization to ensure accurate diagnosis and awareness of magnesium-related health risks.
09
#09
Magnesium and disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism.
ReviewInfluence2.0
62
This review focused on magnesium's role in carbohydrate metabolism. Researchers found that magnesium deficiency is linked to impaired glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes. The study suggests that magnesium supplementation may help manage glycemic control in prediabetic conditions.
10
#10
Analysis of loss-of-function variants and 20 risk factor phenotypes in 8,554 individuals identifies loci influencing chronic disease.
HumanInfluence1.0
51
Clinical Trials (22)
22
Total Trials
1,945
Total Enrolled
Tailored MgSO4 Supplementation to Reduce Complications in Pediatric Heart Surgery
NCT06564376NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Sponsor
West Virginia University
Enrollment
96
Started
2026
Primary outcome
Duration from reanimation to sinus rhythm
AKI - Acute Kidney InjuryArrythmiaCongenital Heart Disease
Effect of Intravenous Magnesium on Postoperative Systemic Inflammatory Response in Patients Undergoing Colorectal Cancer Surgery
NCT07803601RECRUITING
Sponsor
Ain Shams University
Enrollment
52
Started
2026
Primary outcome
postoperative white blood cell count (WBC)
Post Operative Inflammatory Marker LevelsPost Operative Pain
Magnesium in Gastrointestinal Disease
NCT07338565RECRUITING
Sponsor
University of Aarhus
Enrollment
120
Started
2025
Primary outcome
Percentage of participants with magnesium deficiency (magnesium retention >20%)
Colitis UlcerosaColitis UlcerativeCrohns DiseaseMorbus CrohnIleostomy - StomaIleostomaIleostomiesBile Acid DiarrheaBile Acid MalabsorptionMagnesium DeficiencyMagnesium LevelMagnesium
Relationship Between Serum Markers and Motor Recovery and Ambulation in Post-stroke Patients
NCT07086092COMPLETED
Sponsor
Abant Izzet Baysal University
Enrollment
257
Started
2025
Primary outcome
Serum magnesium levels
StrokeBiomarkersSerum MagnesiumSerum Vitamin DSerum Uric Acid
Safety and Efficacy of Degradable Magnesium Metal Clips in Surgical Margins of Radical Surgery for Malignant Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors
NCT06550765NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Sponsor
Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital
Enrollment
98
Started
2024
Primary outcome
1-year tumor recurrence rate
Sarcoma, Soft TissueSarcoma, Spindle Cell
Rotator Cuff Repair With Magnesium Pin
NCT06292754NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Sponsor
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Enrollment
40
Started
2024
Primary outcome
Imaging Examinations
Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair
Magnesium and Cognition After Stroke
NCT05132517RECRUITING
Sponsor
BDH-Klinik Hessisch Oldendorf
Enrollment
80
Started
2022
Primary outcome
Serum mg-concentration
StrokeCognitionMagnesiumNeurologic Disorder
Application of Magnesium-rich Artificial Cerebrospinal Fluid in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
NCT04819451UNKNOWN
Sponsor
First Affiliated Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University
Enrollment
72
Started
2021
Primary outcome
The mRS score at 14, 30, 60,90 days after onset
Intracranial Hemorrhage
The Effect of Magnesium Citrate Supplementation in Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)
NCT04462796UNKNOWN
Sponsor
OSF Healthcare System
Enrollment
15
Started
2020
Primary outcome
Subjective Improvement of Restless Legs Symptoms measured by the International Restless Legs Syndrome Scale (IRLS)
Restless Legs Syndrome
Application of Magnesium-rich Artificial Cerebrospinal Fluid in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
NCT04358445UNKNOWN
Sponsor
First Affiliated Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University
Enrollment
70
Started
2020
Primary outcome
Incidence and severity of CVS during and after operation
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Saroglitazar Mg 4 mg in Liver Transplant Recipients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Sponsor
Zydus Therapeutics Inc.
Enrollment
20
Started
2019
Primary outcome
Number of Participants With Adverse Events Assessed by CTCAE
Liver Transplant; ComplicationsNAFLD
Saroglitazar Magnesium 4 mg in the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in Women With PCOS (EVIDENCES VII)
Sponsor
Zydus Therapeutics Inc.
Enrollment
60
Started
2019
Primary outcome
Hepatic Fat Content
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Women With PCOS
Averting Complications of Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy by Effervescent Calcium Magnesium Citrate
Sponsor
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Enrollment
62
Started
2019
Primary outcome
Change From Baseline in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) T-Score at 2 Years
OsteoporosisHypomagnesemia
Bioavailability of Single-dose Magnesium Salts
NCT04139928COMPLETED
Sponsor
Think Healthy Group, Inc.
Enrollment
17
Started
2018
Primary outcome
Ionized magnesium (whole blood)
Bioavailability
Hypomagnesemia and Diabetic Nephropathy
NCT03690180COMPLETED
Sponsor
Fayoum University
Enrollment
100
Started
2018
Primary outcome
Decrease in serum magnesium
Diabetic Nephropathies
The Effect of Combination Therapy Amino Acid L-CARNITINE and Magnesium on Fatty Liver
NCT03319199COMPLETED
Sponsor
Rawi Hazzan
Enrollment
22
Started
2017
Primary outcome
The primary outcome is decline in serum levels of Aspartate transaminase (AST) to normal value.
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
Bioequivalence Study Between GR37547 500 Milligrams (mg) Tablet Versus Ciprofloxacin 500 mg Tablet Reference Product in Healthy Adult Subjects
Sponsor
GlaxoSmithKline
Enrollment
26
Started
2017
Primary outcome
Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero (Pre-dose) to Last Time of Quantifiable Concentration Within a Participant Across All Treatments (AUC[0-t]) for Ciprofloxacin
Infections, Bacterial
Prophylaxis of Magnesium-rich Mineral Water to Prevent Hypomagnesemia Induced by an Anti-EGFR (OPTIMAG)
NCT03146338UNKNOWN
Sponsor
Weprom
Enrollment
106
Started
2017
Primary outcome
Rate of patients with hypomagnesemia
Metastatic Colorectal CancerMetastatic Head and Neck Cancer
Bioequivalence Study Between GSK3542503 Hydrochlorothiazide + Amiloride Hydrochloride 50 mg: 5 mg Tablets and Reference Product in Healthy Adult Participants Under Fasting Conditions
Sponsor
GlaxoSmithKline
Enrollment
42
Started
2017
Primary outcome
Area Under the Curve (AUC) From Time Zero to the Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUC [0-t]) of Hydrochlorothiazide and Amiloride Hydrochloride
Hypertension
Alcohol: Thiamine and or Magnesium 1
Sponsor
Glasgow Royal Infirmary
Enrollment
127
Started
2016
Primary outcome
Change in Erythrocyte transketolase activity
Alcohol WithdrawalLactic AcidosisVitamin B1 DeficiencyMagnesium DeficiencyWernicke Encephalopathy
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) 300mg 3 Years RD Therapy Chinese Chronic Hepatitis B (CHN) CHB Multiple Nucleos(t)Ide Analogues (NAs) Failure Points Pts PH4 PMS Study
Sponsor
GlaxoSmithKline
Enrollment
213
Started
2015
Primary outcome
Percentage of Participants With Serum Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) <20 International Unit Per Milliliter (IU/mL) at Week 144
Hepatitis B, Chronic
Ancillary Study of Methylation Biomarkers in a Randomized Controlled Trial of a Personalized Prevention of Colorectal Cancer
NCT04196803COMPLETED
Sponsor
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Enrollment
250
Started
2011
Primary outcome
Changes of Cytosine Modification in TMPRSS2 (5-mC at cg16371860) by Magnesium Treatment Versus Placebo
Colorectal Cancer
Publication Trend
Research publications about Magnesium over time
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