Lever
Lifestyle
- Regular exercise
- Caloric restriction
- Adequate sleep
Blutwerte · Marker
NAD+
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide · NAD+ · Intracellular NAD
Longevity & BiohackingNüchtern erforderlichZeitabhängig
- Einheit:
- mmol/L
NAD+ quantifies the levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in redox reactions and energy metabolism.
Reference Ranges
Reference
0.3–0.9mmol/L
0.3
0.9
LowNormalHigh
Reference
Unit · mmol/LReference ranges are not well-established and may vary based on age and health status.
Overview
Übersicht
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) is a crucial coenzyme found in all living cells, playing a vital role in cellular metabolism by facilitating redox reactions. It serves as a carrier for electrons in metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Clinically, NAD+ levels are significant as they are associated with aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic disorders. Researchers have observed that maintaining or enhancing NAD+ levels may help mitigate conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, as it is involved in DNA repair, gene expression, and cellular stress responses. In the context of athletic performance and biohacking, NAD+ is of interest due to its role in energy production and potential to enhance physical endurance and recovery. Supplementation with NAD+ precursors like NMN and NR has been explored for their ability to boost NAD+ levels, potentially improving longevity and healthspan. However, factors such as age, diet, and lifestyle can influence NAD+ levels, and the timing of supplementation or testing may affect results. Researchers found that NAD+ levels can fluctuate based on circadian rhythms and fasting status, suggesting that consistent testing conditions are crucial for accurate assessment.
Klinische Bedeutung
Elevated NAD+ levels may indicate enhanced metabolic function and cellular repair capacity, potentially reflecting a lower biological age. Reduced NAD+ levels are associated with aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic disorders.
Dynamics
Trend Interpretation
Rising Values
Increasing NAD+ levels suggest improved metabolic function and potential anti-aging effects. Retest every 6 months if supplementing.
Falling Values
Decreasing NAD+ levels may indicate aging or metabolic decline.
Re-test Interval
6 months if supplementing or outside optimal range
Etiology
Causes — High & Low
Cause
Elevated Levels
- NAD+ precursor supplementation
- Caloric restriction
- High physical activity
- SIRT1 activation
Cause
Low Levels
- Aging
- Chronic stress
- Poor diet
- Metabolic disorders
Protocol
How to Optimize
Lever
Nutrition
- Rich in tryptophan
- Rich in niacin
- Balanced diet
Lever
Supplementation
- Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN)
- Nicotinamide riboside (NR)
Note:
Consult a healthcare provider before starting any supplementation, especially if there are underlying health conditions.
Testing Guidelines
🍽️Fasting Required
🕐Time-Sensitive
NAD+ levels may vary with circadian rhythms; morning tests are recommended for consistency.
Testing Frequency
Annually for general health monitoring; more frequently if supplementing or managing a condition.
Interfering Factors
- Recent intense exercise
- Dietary changes
- Supplementation
Related Peptides & Hormones
Sirt1
hormone or peptideCorrelated with
Open Research Questions
Current research suggests that while NAD+ supplementation shows promise in enhancing healthspan and cognitive function, researchers have not yet established optimal dosing regimens or reference ranges for NAD+ levels in various populations. Emerging research directions include exploring the role of NAD+ in metabolic and endocrine diseases, as well as its potential therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative conditions. Clinical questions remain unanswered regarding the long-term effects of NAD+ modulation and the specific mechanisms by which it influences disease pathology.
20 Research Publications
1,257
Total Citations
6
Human/RCT
10.1
Avg. Influence
2024
Latest
Sort
Filter
01Top
#01
Nicotinamide riboside is uniquely and orally bioavailable in mice and humans.
Trammell Samuel A J, et al. · Nature communications · 2016
HumanInfluence46.0
652
This study determined the effects of nicotinamide riboside (NR) on blood NAD+ metabolism in humans. Researchers found that a single oral dose of NR could increase blood NAD+ levels significantly and that NR has superior pharmacokinetics compared to other NAD+ precursors.
Key findings
- 01Nicotinamide riboside is readily absorbed in the body when taken by mouth.
- 02Both mice and humans show similar bioavailability of NR.
- 03The study highlights the potential of NR for supporting cellular functions.
02Top
#02
Effect of oral administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide on clinical parameters and nicotinamide metabolite levels in healthy Japanese men.
HumanInfluence10.0
143
This study examined the safety and pharmacokinetics of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) in healthy Japanese men. Researchers found that NMN administration was safe and effectively increased plasma levels of certain metabolites without significant adverse effects.
03Top
#03
The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial.
HumanInfluence6.0
132
This study examined the effects of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation on blood NAD+ levels and physical performance in healthy middle-aged adults. Researchers found that NMN significantly increased blood NAD+ concentrations and improved walking distance in participants taking 600 mg and 900 mg doses. No safety issues were reported, indicating NMN supplementation was well tolerated.
04
#04
Novel Role of the SIRT1 in Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases.
Lu Chenxi, et al. · International journal of biological sciences · 2023
ReviewInfluence3.0
119
Researchers reviewed the role of SIRT1, an NAD+-dependent deacetylase, in endocrine and metabolic diseases. They found that SIRT1 regulates gene expression and has potential as a therapeutic target for conditions like diabetes and hypertension.
Key findings
- 01Researchers observed that SIRT1 is linked to the regulation of metabolism and energy balance.
- 02The review indicates that SIRT1 may influence hormonal functions related to endocrine disorders.
- 03Researchers found that targeting SIRT1 could provide new avenues for understanding and addressing metabolic diseases.
05
#05
Visfatin--a review.
ReviewInfluence4.0
80
This review discusses visfatin, an enzyme involved in the NAD+ salvage pathway, and its role in various diseases. Researchers noted changes in visfatin levels in conditions like obesity and diabetes, suggesting its potential as a clinical biomarker.
06
#06
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase prompts bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by driving macrophage M2 polarization in mice.
Animal
40
This study investigated the role of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) in pulmonary fibrosis. Researchers observed that NAMPT levels increased in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and that inhibiting NAMPT alleviated fibrosis in mice, suggesting a potential target for treatment.
07
#07
Targeting the hallmarks of aging: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities.
Review
18
Researchers explored the hallmarks of aging and potential therapeutic strategies to target them. They highlighted the role of NAD+ boosters in improving mitochondrial health and proposed that integrating biomarker research could enhance monitoring of biological aging.
08
#08
Quantitation of NAD+: Why do we need to measure it?
Review
16
Researchers emphasized the importance of quantifying NAD+ levels as a biomarker for aging and potential cancer risk. The review highlighted that measuring NAD+ could inform therapeutic strategies and diagnostics for age-related conditions.
09
#09
LPG 18:0 is a general biomarker of asthma and inhibits the differentiation and function of regulatory T-cells.
Aili Abudureyimujiang, et al. · The European respiratory journal · 2024
HumanInfluence1.0
15
Researchers identified lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) 18:0 as a potential biomarker for asthma. They found that elevated levels of LPG 18:0 correlated with asthma severity and impaired regulatory T-cell function through the NAD+/SIRT1/FOXP3 pathway.
Key findings
- 01LPG 18:0 levels are significantly higher in asthmatic patients compared to healthy individuals.
- 02The concentration of LPG 18:0 correlates with the severity of asthma symptoms.
- 03LPG 18:0 impairs the function of regulatory T-cells, which are important for controlling inflammation.
10
#10
Autofluorescence is a biomarker of neural stem cell activation state.
In VitroInfluence1.0
12
This study explored the activation states of neural stem cells (NSCs) using fluorescence lifetime imaging. Researchers observed distinct autofluorescence profiles between quiescent and activated NSCs, providing insights into the metabolic changes associated with NSC activation and potential markers for tracking neurogenesis.
Publication Trend
Research publications about NAD+ over time
10totalTrack your bloodwork in PepStack
Log lab results, track trends and optimize your biomarkers over time.
Legal Disclaimer
This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer