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NAD+

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide · NAD+ · Intracellular NAD

Longevity & BiohackingNüchtern erforderlichZeitabhängig

Einheit:: mmol/L

NAD+ quantifies the levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in redox reactions and cellular energy metabolism.

Reference Ranges

Reference

0.3–0.9mmol/L

0.3

0.9

LowNormalHigh

Reference

Unit · mmol/L

Reference ranges may vary based on age, sex, and health status. Fasting and time of day can influence levels.

Overview

Übersicht

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a critical coenzyme found in all living cells, essential for energy metabolism and cellular function. It plays a pivotal role in redox reactions, transferring electrons from one reaction to another, and is crucial for the function of sirtuins, a family of proteins involved in cellular regulation. Researchers have found that NAD+ levels decline with age, which is associated with various age-related diseases and conditions. Clinically, NAD+ is important as it reflects cellular health and metabolic function. Low levels of NAD+ have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, metabolic disorders, and other age-related conditions. Restoration of NAD+ levels in animal models has shown potential in reversing symptoms of these diseases, suggesting its role as a therapeutic target. For athletes and biohackers, NAD+ is of particular interest due to its potential to enhance mitochondrial function, improve energy metabolism, and possibly extend healthspan. Supplementation with NAD+ precursors like NMN has shown promise in increasing NAD+ levels, improving physical performance, and maintaining biological age. However, researchers caution that factors such as time of day, fasting state, and recent physical activity can influence NAD+ levels, and these should be considered when measuring this biomarker. Additionally, while NAD+ supplementation appears safe, the long-term effects in humans are not fully understood, and further research is necessary to establish optimal dosing and efficacy.

Klinische Bedeutung
Elevated NAD+ levels are generally considered beneficial, reflecting good cellular health and metabolic function. Reduced NAD+ levels may indicate metabolic dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, or age-related decline, potentially contributing to conditions like neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic syndromes.

Dynamics

Trend Interpretation

Rising Values

Progressively rising NAD+ levels suggest improved metabolic health and cellular function. Re-test every 6 months to monitor changes.

Falling Values

Progressively falling NAD+ levels may indicate metabolic stress or aging-related decline.

Re-test Interval

6 months if outside optimal range

Etiology

Causes — High & Low

Cause

Elevated Levels

NAD+ supplementation
Caloric restriction
Regular exercise
Healthy diet

Cause

Low Levels

Aging
Chronic stress
Poor diet
Sedentary lifestyle

Protocol

How to Optimize

Lever

Lifestyle

Regular physical exercise
Adequate sleep
Stress management

Lever

Nutrition

Diet rich in niacin
Caloric restriction
High intake of fruits and vegetables

Lever

Supplementation

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN)
Nicotinamide riboside (NR)

Note:

Consult a healthcare provider before starting any supplementation, especially if you have underlying health conditions.

Testing Guidelines

🍽️Fasting Required

🕐Time-Sensitive

NAD+ levels may vary throughout the day; consistency in testing time is recommended.

Testing Frequency

Annually for general health monitoring; more frequently if part of an intervention study.

Interfering Factors

Recent intense exercise
Dietary intake
Stress levels

Related Peptides & Hormones

Sirt1

Correlated with

hormone or peptide

Open Research Questions

Current research suggests that the optimal targets and reference ranges for NAD+ levels in various diseases, including Alzheimer's and metabolic disorders, remain poorly defined. Researchers have not yet established the specific confounders affecting NAD+ homeostasis in human populations, particularly in relation to age and disease states. Additionally, clinical questions remain unanswered regarding the long-term effects of NAD+ supplementation on healthspan and its role in reversing age-related pathologies.

39 Research Publications

1,465

Total Citations

Human/RCT

9.7

Avg. Influence

2024

Latest

Sort

Filter

01Top

#01

Nicotinamide riboside is uniquely and orally bioavailable in mice and humans.

Trammell Samuel A J, et al. · Nature communications · 2016

Human, AnimalInfluence49.0

674

This study determined the bioavailability of nicotinamide riboside (NR) as an NAD+ precursor. Researchers found that a single oral dose of NR significantly increased blood NAD+ levels in humans, demonstrating its potential as an effective supplement for boosting NAD+ metabolism.

Key findings

01Nicotinamide riboside is readily absorbed in the body when taken by mouth.
02Both mice and humans show similar bioavailability of NR.
03The study highlights the potential of NR for supporting cellular functions.

View on PubMed

02Top

#02

Effect of oral administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide on clinical parameters and nicotinamide metabolite levels in healthy Japanese men.

HumanInfluence11.0

151

This study assessed the safety and pharmacokinetics of single oral doses of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) in healthy men. Researchers found no significant clinical symptoms or adverse effects, and NMN administration led to dose-dependent increases in specific metabolites. The findings suggest NMN is a feasible option for addressing aging-related disorders.

View on PubMed

03Top

#03

The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial.

HumanInfluence8.0

148

This study examined the effects of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation on blood NAD+ levels in healthy middle-aged adults. Researchers found significant increases in blood NAD+ concentrations across all NMN-treated groups compared to placebo. They also noted improvements in physical performance and subjective health assessments in NMN-treated participants.

View on PubMed

#04

Novel Role of the SIRT1 in Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases.

Lu Chenxi, et al. · International journal of biological sciences · 2023

ReviewInfluence3.0

140

Researchers reviewed the role of SIRT1, an NAD+-dependent deacetylase, in endocrine and metabolic diseases. They highlighted SIRT1's involvement in regulating gene expression and its potential as a therapeutic target for conditions like diabetes and hypertension. The review suggests that targeting SIRT1 could enhance treatment outcomes for metabolic disorders.

Key findings

01Researchers observed that SIRT1 is linked to the regulation of metabolism and energy balance.
02The review indicates that SIRT1 may influence hormonal functions related to endocrine disorders.
03Researchers found that targeting SIRT1 could provide new avenues for understanding and addressing metabolic diseases.

View on PubMed

#05

Oral Administration of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Is Safe and Efficiently Increases Blood Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Levels in Healthy Subjects.

HumanInfluence8.0

This clinical trial investigated the safety and efficacy of oral nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy subjects. Researchers found that NMN significantly increased blood NAD+ levels without causing adverse effects over a 12-week period. The study supports the practicality of NMN as a strategy to boost NAD+ in humans.

View on PubMed

#06

Visfatin--a review.

ReviewInfluence4.0

This review focused on visfatin, an enzyme involved in the NAD+ salvage pathway, and its role in various diseases. Researchers noted changes in visfatin levels in conditions like obesity and diabetes, highlighting its potential as a biomarker with diagnostic and prognostic significance.

View on PubMed

#07

Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase prompts bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by driving macrophage M2 polarization in mice.

Animal

Researchers found that nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) levels increased in pulmonary fibrosis models. They observed that inhibiting NAMPT alleviated fibrosis in mice by reducing M2 macrophage polarization, suggesting that targeting NAMPT may be a potential strategy for treating pulmonary fibrosis.

View on PubMed

#08

Targeting the hallmarks of aging: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities.

Review

This review explored the hallmarks of aging and potential therapeutic strategies to target them. Researchers identified NAD+ boosters as a promising approach to improve mitochondrial health and delay aging. They emphasized the need for further research integrating biomarker studies to optimize interventions for healthy longevity.

View on PubMed

#09

Pharmacologic reversal of advanced Alzheimer's disease in mice and identification of potential therapeutic nodes in human brain.

AnimalInfluence2.0

Researchers found that treatment with P7C3-A20, which restores NAD+ homeostasis, reversed cognitive decline in advanced Alzheimer's disease models in mice. They observed reductions in tau phosphorylation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, leading to cognitive recovery. Additionally, they identified potential therapeutic targets relevant to human Alzheimer's pathology.

View on PubMed

#10

LPG 18:0 is a general biomarker of asthma and inhibits the differentiation and function of regulatory T-cells.

Aili Abudureyimujiang, et al. · The European respiratory journal · 2024

Human, AnimalInfluence1.0

This study identified lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) 18:0 as a potential biomarker for asthma. Researchers observed elevated levels of LPG 18:0 in asthmatic patients, which correlated with disease severity. The study also revealed that LPG 18:0 impairs regulatory T-cell function through the NAD+/SIRT1/FOXP3 pathway.

Key findings

01LPG 18:0 levels are significantly higher in asthmatic patients compared to healthy individuals.
02The concentration of LPG 18:0 correlates with the severity of asthma symptoms.
03LPG 18:0 impairs the function of regulatory T-cells, which are important for controlling inflammation.

170

Started

2019

Primary outcome

Correlation between biological age, calculated using DNA isolated from blood, and circulating NAD+ levels

Epigenetics

NiaMIT Continuation With Early-stage Mitochondrial Myopathy Patients

NCT04538521COMPLETED

Sponsor

University of Helsinki

Enrollment

Started

2019

Primary outcome

NAD+ and related metabolite levels in blood and muscle

Mitochondrial Myopathies

Niacin Supplementation in Healthy Controls and Mitochondrial Myopathy Patients

NCT03973203COMPLETED

Sponsor

University of Helsinki

Enrollment

Started

2014

Primary outcome

NAD+ and related metabolite levels in blood and muscle

Mitochondrial Myopathies

Publication Trend

Research publications about NAD+ over time

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