Lever
Lifestyle
- Regular exercise
- Caloric restriction
- Stress management
- Adequate sleep
Blutwerte · Marker
NAD+
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide · NAD+ · Intracellular NAD
Longevity & BiohackingZeitabhängig
- Einheit:
- mmol/L
NAD+ quantifies the concentration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in its oxidized form within the blood.
Reference Ranges
Reference
0.3–0.9mmol/L
0.3
0.9
LowNormalHigh
Reference
Unit · mmol/LReference ranges may vary based on age and health status; standardized ranges are not well-established.
Overview
Übersicht
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a vital coenzyme found in all living cells, playing a crucial role in redox reactions, transferring electrons from one reaction to another. It exists in two forms: NAD+ and NADH, with NAD+ being the oxidized form. This biomarker measures the concentration of NAD+ in the blood, reflecting cellular energy metabolism and mitochondrial function. Clinically, NAD+ levels are significant as they are associated with aging, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Researchers have found that maintaining optimal NAD+ levels may help mitigate age-related decline and improve metabolic health. In the context of longevity and biohacking, NAD+ is of particular interest due to its role in activating sirtuins, proteins that regulate cellular health and have been linked to lifespan extension in various organisms. Athletes and biohackers often seek to enhance NAD+ levels to improve energy metabolism, endurance, and recovery. However, NAD+ levels can be influenced by factors such as age, diet, and lifestyle. Time-of-day variations and fasting status may also affect NAD+ measurements, necessitating standardized testing conditions for accurate assessment.
Klinische Bedeutung
Elevated NAD+ levels are generally considered beneficial, indicating robust cellular metabolism and potential longevity benefits. Reduced NAD+ levels may suggest impaired mitochondrial function, increased oxidative stress, or age-related decline.
Dynamics
Trend Interpretation
Rising Values
Progressively rising NAD+ levels suggest improved mitochondrial function and metabolic health. Re-test in 6 months to monitor changes.
Falling Values
Progressively falling NAD+ levels may indicate aging or metabolic decline. Consider lifestyle interventions and re-test in 3 months.
Re-test Interval
6 months if outside optimal range
Etiology
Causes — High & Low
Cause
Elevated Levels
- Nicotinamide riboside supplementation
- Nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation
- Caloric restriction
- Exercise
- Sirtuin activation
Cause
Low Levels
- Aging
- Poor diet
- Chronic stress
- Mitochondrial dysfunction
- Neurodegenerative diseases
Protocol
How to Optimize
Lever
Nutrition
- High-protein diet
- Foods rich in tryptophan
- Balanced diet with sufficient vitamins
Lever
Supplementation
- Nicotinamide riboside
- Nicotinamide mononucleotide
- Resveratrol
- Pterostilbene
Note:
Consult a healthcare provider before starting any supplementation, especially if you have underlying health conditions.
Testing Guidelines
✓Fasting Not Required
🕐Time-Sensitive
NAD+ levels may vary throughout the day; consistent timing is recommended for comparability.
Testing Frequency
Annually for healthy adults, more frequently if monitoring therapeutic interventions.
Interfering Factors
- Recent intense exercise
- Dietary changes
- Supplementation
- Stress levels
Related Peptides & Hormones
Sirt1
hormone or peptideCorrelated with
Open Research Questions
Current research suggests that optimal NAD+ levels and reference ranges in humans remain unclear, particularly regarding the impact of confounders such as age, sex, and metabolic status. Emerging research directions include exploring the therapeutic potential of NAD+ precursors like NMN and NR in various diseases, particularly neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders. However, researchers have not yet established the long-term safety and efficacy of these interventions or the specific clinical outcomes they may influence.
21 Research Publications
1,325
Total Citations
5
Human/RCT
9.8
Avg. Influence
2024
Latest
Sort
Filter
01Top
#01
Nicotinamide riboside is uniquely and orally bioavailable in mice and humans.
Trammell Samuel A J, et al. · Nature communications · 2016
HumanInfluence49.0
665
This study examined the bioavailability of nicotinamide riboside (NR) as an NAD+ precursor. Researchers found that oral NR significantly increased blood NAD+ levels in a dose-dependent manner, with a notable rise in NAAD, a sensitive biomarker for NAD+ repletion.
Key findings
- 01Nicotinamide riboside is readily absorbed in the body when taken by mouth.
- 02Both mice and humans show similar bioavailability of NR.
- 03The study highlights the potential of NR for supporting cellular functions.
02Top
#02
Effect of oral administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide on clinical parameters and nicotinamide metabolite levels in healthy Japanese men.
HumanInfluence11.0
149
This study assessed the safety and pharmacokinetics of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) in healthy Japanese men. Researchers found that single oral doses of NMN did not cause significant adverse effects and effectively increased NMN metabolite levels.
03Top
#03
The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial.
HumanInfluence8.0
142
This study examined the effects of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation on blood NAD+ levels and health parameters in healthy middle-aged adults. Researchers found that NMN supplementation significantly increased blood NAD+ concentrations and improved physical performance without safety issues. The highest efficacy was observed at doses of 600 mg and 900 mg.
04
#04
Novel Role of the SIRT1 in Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases.
Lu Chenxi, et al. · International journal of biological sciences · 2023
ReviewInfluence3.0
131
Researchers reviewed the role of SIRT1, an NAD+-dependent deacetylase, in endocrine and metabolic diseases. They found that SIRT1 regulates gene expression and may serve as a promising therapeutic target for conditions like diabetes and hypertension.
Key findings
- 01Researchers observed that SIRT1 is linked to the regulation of metabolism and energy balance.
- 02The review indicates that SIRT1 may influence hormonal functions related to endocrine disorders.
- 03Researchers found that targeting SIRT1 could provide new avenues for understanding and addressing metabolic diseases.
05
#05
Visfatin--a review.
ReviewInfluence4.0
80
This review focused on visfatin, a protein involved in the NAD+ salvage pathway. Researchers found that visfatin levels change in various diseases, suggesting its potential as a biomarker for conditions like obesity and diabetes.
06
#06
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase prompts bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by driving macrophage M2 polarization in mice.
Animal
50
This study investigated the role of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) in pulmonary fibrosis. Researchers observed that NAMPT levels increased in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and that inhibiting NAMPT alleviated fibrosis in mouse models by reducing macrophage M2 polarization.
07
#07
Targeting the hallmarks of aging: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities.
Review
21
Researchers explored the hallmarks of aging and potential therapeutic strategies. They identified NAD+ boosters as a promising approach to improve mitochondrial health and suggested that targeting these mechanisms could delay aging and age-related diseases.
08
#08
LPG 18:0 is a general biomarker of asthma and inhibits the differentiation and function of regulatory T-cells.
Aili Abudureyimujiang, et al. · The European respiratory journal · 2024
AnimalInfluence1.0
16
Researchers identified LPG 18:0 as a biomarker for asthma, noting its elevated levels in asthmatic patients. The study revealed that LPG 18:0 impairs regulatory T-cell function via the NAD+/SIRT1/FOXP3 pathway.
Key findings
- 01LPG 18:0 levels are significantly higher in asthmatic patients compared to healthy individuals.
- 02The concentration of LPG 18:0 correlates with the severity of asthma symptoms.
- 03LPG 18:0 impairs the function of regulatory T-cells, which are important for controlling inflammation.
09
#09
Pharmacologic reversal of advanced Alzheimer's disease in mice and identification of potential therapeutic nodes in human brain.
AnimalInfluence1.0
16
Researchers found that treatment with P7C3-A20, which restores NAD+ homeostasis, reversed cognitive decline in advanced Alzheimer's disease models in mice. The treatment also reduced plasma levels of the clinical AD biomarker p-tau217 and enhanced neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity.
10
#10
Quantitation of NAD+: Why do we need to measure it?
Review
16
Researchers emphasized the importance of quantifying NAD+ levels as a biomarker for aging and potential cancer risk. The review highlighted that measuring NAD+ could inform therapeutic strategies and diagnostics for age-related conditions.
Clinical Trials (2)
2
Total Trials
67
Total Enrolled
Nicotinamide Riboside Clinical Trial for GWI
NCT05243290RECRUITING
Sponsor
Roskamp Institute Inc.
Enrollment
52
Started
2022
Primary outcome
Changes in plasma NAD+ levels
Gulf War Illness
Niacin Supplementation in Healthy Controls and Mitochondrial Myopathy Patients
NCT03973203COMPLETED
Sponsor
University of Helsinki
Enrollment
15
Started
2014
Primary outcome
NAD+ and related metabolite levels in blood and muscle
Mitochondrial Myopathies
Publication Trend
Research publications about NAD+ over time
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