Lever
Lifestyle
- Regular exercise
- Maintaining healthy weight
- Avoiding prostate irritation
Blutwerte · Marker
PSA
Prostataspezifisches Antigen · Prostate-Specific Antigen · tPSA
Tumormarker & Screening
- Einheit:
- ng/mL
PSA quantifies the concentration of prostate-specific antigen, a protein produced by prostate gland cells, in the blood.
Reference Ranges
Age Group
Reference
0–4ng/mL
0
2.5
4
LowNormalHigh
Reference
Optimal
Unit · ng/mLPSA levels are typically higher in older men; age-specific ranges are recommended.
Overview
Übersicht
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is a glycoprotein produced by the prostate gland, playing a crucial role in the liquefaction of semen. It is primarily measured in serum to assess prostate health. Clinically, PSA is a vital biomarker for the early detection, staging, and monitoring of prostate cancer. Elevated PSA levels can indicate prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or prostatitis, though it is not cancer-specific. Researchers observed that PSA screening could reduce prostate cancer mortality, but its use remains controversial due to potential overdiagnosis and overtreatment. In the context of athletic performance, biohacking, or longevity, PSA is not directly relevant. However, maintaining prostate health is essential for overall well-being, which indirectly supports longevity. Confounders affecting PSA levels include recent prostate manipulation, ejaculation, and certain medications. Time of day and fasting do not significantly influence PSA levels, but individual risk factors should guide screening protocols.
Klinische Bedeutung
Elevated PSA levels may indicate prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or prostatitis. Lowering PSA cut-offs can reduce advanced stage prostate cancer detection, although it may lead to unnecessary biopsies.
Dynamics
Trend Interpretation
Rising Values
Progressively rising PSA values suggest potential prostate pathology; re-test within 3-6 months.
Falling Values
Falling PSA levels may indicate response to treatment or resolution of benign conditions.
Re-test Interval
3-6 months if outside optimal range
Etiology
Causes — High & Low
Cause
Elevated Levels
- Prostate cancer
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Prostatitis
- Recent ejaculation
- Prostate manipulation
Cause
Low Levels
- Medications affecting testosterone
- Obesity
- Hypogonadism
- Certain herbal supplements
Protocol
How to Optimize
Lever
Nutrition
- Tomatoes (lycopene)
- Green tea
- Soy products
Lever
Supplementation
- Saw palmetto
- Zinc
- Vitamin D
Note:
Consult a physician before starting any supplementation, especially if undergoing prostate cancer treatment.
Testing Guidelines
✓Fasting Not Required
✓Not Time-Sensitive
Testing Frequency
Annually for men over 50, or earlier based on risk factors.
Interfering Factors
- Recent ejaculation
- Prostate examination
- Certain medications
Open Research Questions
Current research suggests that reference ranges for PSA levels and optimal cut-off values remain debated, particularly regarding the impact of individual risk factors on screening protocols. Researchers have not yet established standardized approaches for interpreting PSA results in the context of benign prostatic conditions and other confounders. Additionally, clinical questions about the efficacy of novel biomarkers and their integration with PSA for improved prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment strategies remain unanswered.
22 Research Publications
732
Total Citations
4.5
Avg. Influence
2025
Latest
Sort
Filter
01Top
#01
PSA and beyond: alternative prostate cancer biomarkers.
ReviewInfluence15.0
268
This study explored alternative biomarkers for prostate cancer beyond PSA. Researchers found that new genomic and proteomic technologies have led to the discovery of promising biomarkers that may offer better sensitivity and specificity for patient management.
02Top
#02
Nanomaterial-based biosensors for detection of prostate specific antigen.
ReviewInfluence2.0
112
This review focused on advancements in nanomaterial-based biosensors for detecting prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Researchers found that electrochemical biosensors show the highest sensitivity, while various optical methods also provide improved detection capabilities compared to standard assays.
03Top
#03
Altered glycosylation in prostate cancer.
ReviewInfluence1.0
93
This review summarized research on glycosylation changes in prostate cancer, particularly focusing on prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Researchers found that alterations in glycosylation patterns could provide insights into prostate cancer development and improve biomarker assays.
04
#04
Prostate cancer biomarkers: an update.
ReviewInfluence3.0
85
This update reviewed the limitations of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as a biomarker for prostate cancer. Researchers observed that while PSA is widely used, it often fails to distinguish between aggressive and indolent cancers, highlighting the need for additional biomarkers.
05
#05
A guide to the interpretation of serum prostate specific antigen levels.
ReviewInfluence3.0
59
This review focused on the factors influencing serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Researchers found that clinical manipulations and various health conditions can affect PSA concentrations, emphasizing the need for careful interpretation of PSA results by laboratory staff and physicians.
06
#06
Biomarkers in localized prostate cancer.
Review
46
This study reviewed the potential of biomarkers to enhance prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment. Researchers observed that while PSA is a common biomarker, its specificity can be improved by integrating it with other tests and molecular biomarkers.
07
#07
Prostate cancer screening: guidelines review and laboratory issues.
ReviewInfluence3.0
35
This review assessed clinical practice guidelines for prostate cancer screening using PSA. Researchers found that many guidelines lack clarity and do not adequately address laboratory issues, suggesting a need for improvement in guideline development.
08
#08
Prostate-specific antigen.
Review
16
This study examined the role of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in early prostate cancer detection and treatment monitoring. Researchers found that customizing screening protocols based on individual risk factors may reduce costs and unnecessary biopsies. Lowering PSA cut-offs could potentially decrease advanced stage prostate cancer cases.
09
#09
[Biomarker docetaxel-based chemotherapy].
Review
6
This review discussed the challenges of using PSA in the context of chemotherapy for prostate cancer. Researchers found that while PSA sensitivity decreases after hormonal therapy, new drugs and prognostic markers are being investigated to improve treatment outcomes.
10
#10
Glycosylated biomarker sensors: advancements in prostate cancer diagnosis.
Review
5
Researchers discussed advancements in glycosylated biomarker sensors for prostate cancer diagnosis, emphasizing their potential to improve upon traditional PSA testing. They found that these biosensing technologies could offer more reliable detection methods, reducing the need for invasive procedures. The study outlines future challenges and opportunities in prostate cancer diagnostics.
Clinical Trials (5)
5
Total Trials
204
Total Enrolled
Cabazitaxel and Prednisone in Treating Patients With Metastatic Hormone-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Sponsor
University of California, Davis
Enrollment
2
Started
2017
Primary outcome
PSA Response Rate, Defined as >= 50% Decline in PSA From Baseline Maintained for at Least 3 Weeks and Measured by the Same Laboratory, and Without Evidence of Other Disease Progression Documented at Time of Confirmatory Values
Hormone-Resistant Prostate CancerStage IV Prostate Adenocarcinoma
PROSTVAC (PSA-TRICOM) in Preventing Disease Progression in Patients With Localized Prostate Cancer Undergoing Active Surveillance
Sponsor
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Enrollment
154
Started
2015
Primary outcome
Change in CD8+ Positive Cells in the Stroma Adjacent to Tumor and Within the Malignant Portion of the Prostate Biopsies
Stage I Prostate Adenocarcinoma AJCC v7Stage II Prostate Adenocarcinoma AJCC v7
PSA Antibody Levels in Samples From Patients With Prostate Cancer Treated on Protocol ECOG-E9802
NCT01672905COMPLETED
Sponsor
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
Enrollment
20
Started
2012
Primary outcome
PSA antibody levels are compared between baseline and follow-up at 12 weeks, as well as 24 weeks, using Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Prostate Cancer
Linsitinib in Treating Patients With Asymptomatic or Mildly Symptomatic Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Sponsor
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Enrollment
17
Started
2012
Primary outcome
PSA Response Analyzed Using the PCWG2 Definition
Adenocarcinoma of the ProstateHormone-resistant Prostate CancerRecurrent Prostate CancerStage IV Prostate Cancer
Phenelzine Sulfate and Docetaxel in Treating Patients With Prostate Cancer With Progressive Disease After First-Line Therapy With Docetaxel
Sponsor
OHSU Knight Cancer Institute
Enrollment
11
Started
2010
Primary outcome
Proportion of Patients Who Experience a PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) Decline of at Least 30%
Hormone-Resistant Prostate CancerMetastatic Prostatic AdenocarcinomaProstate AdenocarcinomaRecurrent Prostate Carcinoma
Publication Trend
Research publications about PSA over time
9totalTrack your bloodwork in PepStack
Log lab results, track trends and optimize your biomarkers over time.
Legal Disclaimer
This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer