Lever
Lifestyle
- Regular exercise
- Maintaining a healthy weight
Blutwerte · Marker
PSA
Prostataspezifisches Antigen · Prostate-Specific Antigen · tPSA
Tumormarker & Screening
- Einheit:
- ng/mL
PSA quantifies the level of prostate-specific antigen, a protein produced by the prostate gland, in the blood.
Reference Ranges
Reference
0–4ng/mL
0
2.5
4
LowNormalHigh
Reference
Optimal
Unit · ng/mLPSA levels can vary with age and prostate size; higher levels are more common in older men.
Overview
Übersicht
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by both normal and malignant cells of the prostate gland. It is primarily measured in serum to assess prostate health. Clinically, PSA is a crucial marker for prostate cancer screening, detection, and monitoring. Elevated levels can indicate prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or prostatitis. However, PSA is not cancer-specific, leading to potential over-diagnosis and overtreatment. For athletes and biohackers, PSA levels are not directly linked to performance or longevity but may be monitored as part of overall health assessments. Researchers found that PSA levels can be influenced by factors such as age, prostate manipulation, and certain medications, which can confound results. It is recommended to consider these factors when interpreting PSA levels.
Klinische Bedeutung
Elevated PSA levels may indicate prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or inflammation of the prostate. Low PSA levels are generally not clinically significant but are expected in healthy individuals.
Dynamics
Trend Interpretation
Rising Values
Progressively rising PSA values may suggest prostate cancer progression or other prostate issues. Re-test in 3-6 months if levels are elevated.
Falling Values
Falling PSA values may indicate successful treatment or resolution of prostate inflammation.
Re-test Interval
6 months if outside optimal range
Etiology
Causes — High & Low
Cause
Elevated Levels
- Prostate cancer
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Prostatitis
- Prostate manipulation
- Recent ejaculation
Cause
Low Levels
- Healthy prostate
- Low prostate volume
- Certain medications
- Hypogonadism
Protocol
How to Optimize
Lever
Nutrition
- Consume a diet rich in fruits and vegetables
- Limit red meat intake
Lever
Supplementation
- Lycopene
- Zinc
Note:
Consult a healthcare provider before making significant lifestyle changes, especially if PSA levels are concerning.
Testing Guidelines
✓Fasting Not Required
✓Not Time-Sensitive
Testing Frequency
Annually for men over 50, or more frequently if at risk.
Interfering Factors
- Recent prostate examination
- Urinary tract infection
- Certain medications
Open Research Questions
Current research suggests that the optimal PSA reference ranges and cut-off values for screening remain debated, particularly regarding the potential for over-diagnosis and overtreatment of indolent cases. Emerging research directions include the validation of novel biomarkers and the integration of PSA with other molecular markers to improve diagnostic accuracy. However, researchers have not yet established the most effective screening protocols tailored to individual risk factors or the role of metabolomic studies in enhancing PSA utility.
51 Research Publications
1,163
Total Citations
11
Human/RCT
2.8
Avg. Influence
2025
Latest
Sort
Filter
01Top
#01
PSA and beyond: alternative prostate cancer biomarkers.
ReviewInfluence15.0
268
This study highlighted the search for alternative biomarkers to PSA for prostate cancer management. Researchers observed that new biomarkers show improved sensitivity and specificity, potentially leading to better treatment decisions and personalized medicine.
02Top
#02
Nanomaterial-based biosensors for detection of prostate specific antigen.
ReviewInfluence2.0
113
This review addressed recent developments in nanomaterial-based biosensors for PSA detection. Researchers found that various nanomaterials can significantly enhance the sensitivity of PSA testing, with electrochemical methods showing the best performance.
03Top
#03
Altered glycosylation in prostate cancer.
ReviewInfluence1.0
94
This review summarized studies on altered glycosylation of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in prostate cancer. Researchers discussed how changes in glycosylation patterns could impact the development and progression of prostate cancer and improve biomarker assays.
04
#04
Prostate cancer biomarkers: an update.
ReviewInfluence3.0
86
This study provided an update on prostate cancer biomarkers, noting the weaknesses of PSA in distinguishing between benign and malignant conditions. Researchers found that combining PSA with other markers could lead to better diagnostic and treatment strategies.
05
#05
Prostate-specific antigen glycoprofiling as diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of prostate cancer.
ReviewInfluence2.0
67
06
#06
An Update on the Prognostic and Predictive Serum Biomarkers in Metastatic Prostate Cancer.
ReviewInfluence3.0
65
Researchers summarized the limitations of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as a biomarker for metastatic prostate cancer and discussed additional prognostic markers that could guide personalized treatment. These include microRNAs and androgen receptor variants.
07
#07
A guide to the interpretation of serum prostate specific antigen levels.
ReviewInfluence3.0
59
Researchers reviewed the factors affecting serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, including its structure, metabolism, and the impact of clinical procedures. They found that multiple factors must be considered when interpreting PSA results to ensure accurate diagnosis and treatment decisions.
08
#08
Biomarkers for prostate cancer.
ReviewInfluence1.0
50
Researchers reviewed the literature on prostate cancer biomarkers, highlighting that prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a useful but not specific marker for detecting prostate cancer. They emphasized the need for future research to validate existing biomarkers and discover new ones for identifying aggressive prostate cancer.
09
#09
Urinary RNA-based biomarkers for prostate cancer detection.
ReviewInfluence1.0
46
Researchers evaluated urinary RNA-based biomarkers for prostate cancer detection, emphasizing the importance of non-invasive methods. They highlighted the potential of PCA3 and other RNA biomarkers to improve early diagnosis and reduce unnecessary prostate biopsies.
10
#10
Biomarkers in localized prostate cancer.
Review
46
This study reviewed the limitations of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in diagnosing prostate cancer and suggested that combining PSA with other tests could enhance accuracy. Researchers identified new molecular biomarkers that may improve early diagnosis and management of localized prostate cancer.
Clinical Trials (37)
37
Total Trials
4,658
Total Enrolled
LUtetium-177 DOsimetry as a Predictive Biomarker of Response in Metastatic Prostate Cancer Patients Treated With PSMA Radioligand THerapy.
NCT07370597RECRUITING
Sponsor
Jules Bordet Institute
Enrollment
110
Started
2026
Primary outcome
Patient-based response defined as a decline of serum PSA ≥50% at 12th weeks (after 2 cycles) after treatment initiation.
Prostate Cancer (Adenocarcinoma)
Biomarker Study of in Men With PSA Progression on Abi for CR or CS PC (Bio-STAMP)
Sponsor
Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota
Enrollment
0
Started
2023
Primary outcome
Number of patients with radiographic progression free survival (rPFS) rate
Prostate Cancer
Clinical and Molecular Characterization of Axial Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA), A Pilot Study
NCT05925842UNKNOWN
Sponsor
Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis
Enrollment
40
Started
2023
Primary outcome
Target biomarker identification
Psoriatic Arthritis
Prostate Cancer Screening With Abbreviated MRI Protocol
NCT05603351UNKNOWN
Sponsor
Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute
Enrollment
300
Started
2022
Primary outcome
Assessment of the importance of the imaging test in the screening of significant prostate cancer in asymptomatic men, compared with PSA screening: Proportion of positive MRI findings
Prostate Cancer
ProsTIC Registry of Men Treated With PSMA Theranostics
NCT04769817ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING
Sponsor
Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Australia
Enrollment
500
Started
2021
Primary outcome
PSA-RR
Prostate CancerMetastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer
Synthetic Metabolic and Genetic Networks for Medical Diagnosics
NCT04518072TERMINATED
Sponsor
University Hospital, Montpellier
Enrollment
134
Started
2021
Primary outcome
Ability to detect and quantify biomarkers such as PSA in samples using biosensors platform
ProstateCancer
Clinical Trial of Ac225-PSMA Radioligand Therapy of Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer
Sponsor
Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
Enrollment
20
Started
2020
Primary outcome
serum PSA level
Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer
sEphB4-HSA in Treating Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Sponsor
Northwestern University
Enrollment
14
Started
2019
Primary outcome
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Response Rate
Castration Levels of TestosteroneCastration-Resistant Prostate CarcinomaCastration-Resistant Prostate Carcinoma Refractory to Second-Generation Androgen Receptor Axis-Targeted AgentsMetastatic Prostate AdenocarcinomaProgressive DiseaseProstate Carcinoma Metastatic in the BoneProstate Carcinoma Metastatic in the Soft TissuePSA ProgressionStage IVB Prostate Cancer AJCC v8Testosterone Less Than 50 ng/dL
The Role of Follicle Stimulating Hormone in Advanced Prostate Cancer
NCT04134130COMPLETED
Sponsor
Lund University
Enrollment
33
Started
2019
Primary outcome
PSA-concentration
Prostate Cancer Recurrent
Diet and Exercise Interventions Among Men With Prostate Cancer (Prostate 8-II)
NCT03999151ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING
Sponsor
University of California, San Francisco
Enrollment
204
Started
2018
Primary outcome
Median Time to prostate-specific antigen recurrence
Prostate Cancer
Cabazitaxel and Prednisone in Treating Patients With Metastatic Hormone-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Sponsor
University of California, Davis
Enrollment
2
Started
2017
Primary outcome
PSA Response Rate, Defined as >= 50% Decline in PSA From Baseline Maintained for at Least 3 Weeks and Measured by the Same Laboratory, and Without Evidence of Other Disease Progression Documented at Time of Confirmatory Values
Hormone-Resistant Prostate CancerStage IV Prostate Adenocarcinoma
Biomarker-Driven Therapy With Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Treating Patients With Metastatic Hormone-Resistant Prostate Cancer Expressing AR-V7
Sponsor
Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins
Enrollment
32
Started
2016
Primary outcome
Number of Participants With Change in PSA Response
Prostate CancerRecurrent Prostate CarcinomaStage IV Prostate Adenocarcinoma
Docetaxel and Carboplatin in Treating Patients With Metastatic, Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Containing Inactivated Genes in the BRCA 1/2 Pathway
Sponsor
University of Washington
Enrollment
14
Started
2016
Primary outcome
Proportion of Patients With PSA Decline by 50% From Baseline
Castration Levels of TestosteroneCastration-Resistant Prostate CarcinomaMetastatic Prostate CarcinomaProstate Carcinoma Metastatic in the BonePSA ProgressionStage IV Prostate Cancer
PROSTVAC (PSA-TRICOM) in Preventing Disease Progression in Patients With Localized Prostate Cancer Undergoing Active Surveillance
Sponsor
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Enrollment
154
Started
2015
Primary outcome
Change in CD8+ Positive Cells in the Stroma Adjacent to Tumor and Within the Malignant Portion of the Prostate Biopsies
Stage I Prostate Adenocarcinoma AJCC v7Stage II Prostate Adenocarcinoma AJCC v7
CAPSAICIN Trial: Assessing Capsaicin as a Chemopreventive Agent for Prostate Cancer
Sponsor
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
Enrollment
100
Started
2014
Primary outcome
Biomarker Changes
Prostate Cancer
Green Tea Extract in Treating Patients With Low-Risk Prostate Cancer
Sponsor
Sanjay Gupta PhD
Enrollment
6
Started
2013
Primary outcome
Total-PSA (tPSA) Levels
Stage I Prostate CancerStage IIA Prostate CancerStage IIB Prostate Cancer
PSA Antibody Levels in Samples From Patients With Prostate Cancer Treated on Protocol ECOG-E9802
NCT01672905COMPLETED
Sponsor
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
Enrollment
20
Started
2012
Primary outcome
PSA antibody levels are compared between baseline and follow-up at 12 weeks, as well as 24 weeks, using Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Prostate Cancer
Investigating Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of AZD5363 in Prostate Cancer.
Sponsor
AstraZeneca
Enrollment
59
Started
2012
Primary outcome
Parts A and B: Anti-tumour activity by measurement of changes in circulating prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
Metastatic Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer (mCRPC),Efficacy,Safety and Tolerability,Pharmacokinetics,Pharmacodynamics,Tumour Response.
A Trial on the Effect of Sino-implant (II) Use on Condom Use Among Women in Kingston, Jamaica
NCT01684358COMPLETED
Sponsor
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Enrollment
414
Started
2012
Primary outcome
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
Women Wanting Contraceptive Implant for Pregnancy Prevention
A Study of Abiraterone Acetate Plus Prednisone in Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Who Have Failed Docetaxel-Based Chemotherapy
Sponsor
Janssen Research & Development, LLC
Enrollment
214
Started
2012
Primary outcome
DB Phase: Time to Prostate-Specific Antigen Progression (PSA)
Prostate Neoplasms
Zinc/PSA Ratio as a Novel Biomarker for Prostate Cancer Detection
NCT02013180COMPLETED
Sponsor
Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital
Enrollment
480
Started
2012
Primary outcome
Assesment of Serum Zinc/PSA Ratio in Patients With Prostate Cancer and Benign Prostatic Diseases
Prostate Cancer Detection
A Phase 2 Study to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of Abiraterone in Participants With Prostate Cancer
Sponsor
Janssen Research & Development, LLC
Enrollment
48
Started
2012
Primary outcome
Percentage of participants achieving Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) response up to 12 weeks
Prostate Cancer
Abiraterone Acetate and Prednisone With or Without Veliparib in Treating Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Sponsor
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Enrollment
159
Started
2012
Primary outcome
Confirmed Prostate-specific Antigen (PSA) Response Rate
Castration-Resistant Prostate CarcinomaRecurrent Prostate CarcinomaStage IV Prostate Cancer AJCC v7
Ipilimumab in Combination With Androgen Suppression Therapy in Treating Patients With Metastatic Hormone-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Sponsor
OHSU Knight Cancer Institute
Enrollment
10
Started
2012
Primary outcome
Percentage of Patients Who Achieve an Undetectable PSA (=< 0.2 ng/ml)
Adenocarcinoma of the ProstateHormone-resistant Prostate CancerRecurrent Prostate CancerStage IV Prostate Cancer
Linsitinib in Treating Patients With Asymptomatic or Mildly Symptomatic Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Sponsor
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Enrollment
17
Started
2012
Primary outcome
PSA Response Analyzed Using the PCWG2 Definition
Adenocarcinoma of the ProstateHormone-resistant Prostate CancerRecurrent Prostate CancerStage IV Prostate Cancer
A Study to Evaluate Oral VT-464 in Patients With Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Sponsor
Innocrin Pharmaceutical
Enrollment
200
Started
2011
Primary outcome
Proportion of subjects who have ≥50% PSA decline at any time on study from the start of treatment with seviteronel.
Castration-resistant Prostate CancerCRPC
Prevalence and Incidence of Articular Symptoms and Signs Related to Psoriatic Arthritis in Patients With Psoriasis Severe or Moderate With Adalimumab Treatment
NCT01316224COMPLETED
Sponsor
AbbVie (prior sponsor, Abbott)
Enrollment
52
Started
2011
Primary outcome
Percentage of Participants Who Developed Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA)
PsoriasisPsoriatic Arthritis
Phenelzine Sulfate and Docetaxel in Treating Patients With Prostate Cancer With Progressive Disease After First-Line Therapy With Docetaxel
Sponsor
OHSU Knight Cancer Institute
Enrollment
11
Started
2010
Primary outcome
Proportion of Patients Who Experience a PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) Decline of at Least 30%
Hormone-Resistant Prostate CancerMetastatic Prostatic AdenocarcinomaProstate AdenocarcinomaRecurrent Prostate Carcinoma
S9346A Blood Samples From Patients With Metastatic Prostate Cancer Previously Treated With Bicalutamide and Goserelin
NCT01120262COMPLETED
Sponsor
SWOG Cancer Research Network
Enrollment
545
Started
2010
Primary outcome
Serum PSA values at 7 months
Prostate Cancer
Effect of Triptorelin (Decapeptyl®) 22.5 mg on Two Biomarkers in Patients With Advanced Prostate Cancer
Sponsor
Ipsen
Enrollment
339
Started
2009
Primary outcome
PCA3 Score Expressed as a Ratio of PCA3 mRNA (Messenger Ribonucleic Acid) Over PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) mRNA
Prostate Cancer
Spectro-IRM and Evaluation Response to Prostatic Radiotherapy
NCT01412853COMPLETED
Sponsor
Centre Georges Francois Leclerc
Enrollment
90
Started
2008
Primary outcome
PSA value compare to Choline and Citrate levels as measured with MR-spectroscopic imaging as predictive factor of the response to treatment
Prostate Cancer
Bevacizumab in Treating Patients With Relapsed Prostate Cancer That Did Not Respond to Hormone Therapy
Sponsor
Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute
Enrollment
16
Started
2007
Primary outcome
PSA Response Rate With Bevacizumab Therapy in Androgen Independent Non-metastatic Prostate Cancer
Adenocarcinoma of the ProstateRecurrent Prostate CancerStage I Prostate CancerStage IIA Prostate CancerStage IIB Prostate CancerStage III Prostate Cancer
Eribulin Mesylate in Treating Patients With Metastatic Prostate Cancer That Did Not Respond to Hormone Therapy
Sponsor
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Enrollment
121
Started
2006
Primary outcome
Proportion of Patients With PSA Response
Adenocarcinoma of the ProstateHormone-refractory Prostate CancerRecurrent Prostate CancerStage IV Prostate Cancer
Study Of SU011248 In Combination With Docetaxel (Taxotere) And Prednisone In Patients With Prostate Cancer
Sponsor
Pfizer
Enrollment
93
Started
2005
Primary outcome
Percentage of Participants With Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Response
Prostatic Neoplasms
Lapatinib Ditosylate in Treating Patients With a Rising PSA Indicating Recurrent Prostate Cancer
Sponsor
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Enrollment
49
Started
2005
Primary outcome
Number of Patients With PSA Response, Defined as a 50% or Greater Decline in the Serum PSA Level
Recurrent Prostate CancerStage I Prostate CancerStage IIA Prostate CancerStage IIB Prostate CancerStage III Prostate Cancer
Lenalidomide and GM-CSF in Treating Patients With Prostate Cancer
Sponsor
Robert Dreicer MD
Enrollment
32
Started
2005
Primary outcome
Number of Patients With a PSA Response
Prostate Cancer
Gefitinib and Etoposide in Treating Patients With Advanced Prostate Cancer That Did Not Respond to Hormone Therapy
Sponsor
University of Nebraska
Enrollment
26
Started
2004
Primary outcome
Overall Response Rate as Measured by RECIST Criteria and PSA Criteria
Prostate Cancer
Publication Trend
Research publications about PSA over time
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