Lever
Lifestyle
- Regular cardiovascular exercise
- Stress management techniques
- Adequate hydration
Blutwerte · Marker
Renin
Plasma Renin Activity · PRA · Renin
Hormone — StressachseZeitabhängig
- Einheit:
- ng/mL/hr
Renin test quantifies the enzyme renin, which initiates the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the RAAS.
Reference Ranges
Reference
0.2–3.3ng/mL/hr
0.2
3.3
LowNormalHigh
Reference
Unit · ng/mL/hrRenin levels can vary by age and are affected by posture and sodium intake.
Overview
Übersicht
Renin is an enzyme that plays a critical role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. It is secreted by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure or low sodium levels and acts by converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, a precursor to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. Clinically, renin levels are important in diagnosing conditions such as primary hyperaldosteronism, where low renin levels alongside high aldosterone levels indicate the condition. Elevated renin activity is also associated with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and vasoplegia, where it reflects pathological activation of the RAAS. In the context of athletic performance and biohacking, renin levels can indirectly affect cardiovascular efficiency and fluid balance, although direct interventions are not commonly targeted. Researchers have observed that renin levels can be influenced by factors such as age, with a decline noted from newborns to adolescents, and by medications, particularly antihypertensives. Accurate measurement requires careful sample handling to avoid alterations in renin activity, and there is variability in assay methods across laboratories, which necessitates standardization for reliable interpretation.
Klinische Bedeutung
Elevated renin levels can indicate heart failure, renal artery stenosis, or vasoplegia. Low renin levels often suggest primary hyperaldosteronism.
Dynamics
Trend Interpretation
Rising Values
Progressively rising renin levels may suggest worsening heart failure or renal artery stenosis. Re-test in 4 weeks if clinically indicated.
Falling Values
Falling renin levels might indicate effective treatment of hypertension or resolution of underlying causes.
Re-test Interval
4 weeks if outside optimal range
Etiology
Causes — High & Low
Cause
Elevated Levels
- Heart failure
- Renal artery stenosis
- Dehydration
- Low sodium intake
- Use of diuretics
Cause
Low Levels
- Primary hyperaldosteronism
- High sodium intake
- Use of beta-blockers
- Cushing's syndrome
- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Protocol
How to Optimize
Lever
Nutrition
- Balanced sodium intake
- Potassium-rich foods
- Adequate protein intake
Note:
Consult a healthcare provider before making significant dietary or lifestyle changes, especially if on medication.
Testing Guidelines
✓Fasting Not Required
🕐Time-Sensitive
Renin levels can vary throughout the day; morning samples are preferred.
Testing Frequency
Annually for those with hypertension or heart failure, more frequently if clinically indicated.
Interfering Factors
- Recent intense exercise
- Antihypertensive medications
- Posture changes
Related Peptides & Hormones
Aldosterone
hormoneCorrelated with
Open Research Questions
Current research suggests that reference ranges and optimal targets for renin levels, particularly in pediatric populations, remain poorly defined, with significant variability in measurement methodologies. Researchers have not yet established standardized protocols for assessing renin in diverse clinical contexts, such as vasoplegia, where its role as a biomarker is promising but inconsistently validated. Unanswered clinical questions include how to best utilize renin levels for risk stratification and therapeutic decision-making in heart failure and vasoplegic patients.
46 Research Publications
494
Total Citations
13
Human/RCT
3.4
Avg. Influence
2024
Latest
Sort
Filter
01Top
#01
Diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections.
UnknownInfluence7.0
151
This study focused on laboratory methods for diagnosing nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, but did not specifically address renin levels or their implications.
02Top
#02
Laboratory challenges in primary aldosteronism screening and diagnosis.
ReviewInfluence6.0
74
This review highlighted the laboratory's role in screening for primary aldosteronism, focusing on the measurement of aldosterone and renin. Researchers noted that the lack of standardized methodologies has hindered diagnosis. New methods have improved the reliability of renin testing, which is crucial for accurate diagnosis.
03Top
04
#04
Physiologic homeostasis after pig-to-human kidney xenotransplantation.
HumanInfluence4.0
49
In a study of pig-to-human kidney xenotransplantation, researchers measured components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, finding that pig kidneys secreted renin and maintained blood pressure in the human model. This suggests the potential for xenotransplantation to support human physiological balance.
05
#05
Renin as a biomarker of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice.
ReviewInfluence1.0
25
Researchers critically evaluated renin as a biomarker for cardiovascular risk and prognosis. They noted that elevated plasma renin activity is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular disease. The study emphasizes the need for further investigation into renin's role in risk stratification.
06
#06
Circulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity in cats with systemic hypertension or cardiomyopathy.
AnimalInfluence1.0
24
Researchers examined the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in cats with systemic hypertension and cardiomyopathy. They found that cats with cardiomyopathy had significantly higher plasma renin activity compared to healthy cats. Additionally, treatment with amlodipine increased RAAS biomarker concentrations in treated cats.
07
#07
Voriconazole-associated salt-losing nephropathy.
Case Report
13
Researchers found that a patient developed salt-losing nephropathy after being treated with voriconazole, leading to elevated levels of plasma renin activity. The patient's condition improved after discontinuation of the medication and fluid replacement. This case highlights the potential impact of voriconazole on renal function and the importance of monitoring renin levels.
08
#08
Approaches and Challenges for Biosensors for Acute and Chronic Heart Failure.
Review
13
Researchers discussed the importance of biomarkers, including renin, for diagnosing heart failure. They noted that renin is associated with neurohormonal pathways and emphasized the need for fast, portable biosensors to improve diagnostic processes. The review highlights the potential of biomarkers in enhancing heart failure management.
09
10
#10
Clinical features, laboratory findings and treatment of juxtaglomerular cell tumors: a systemic review.
ReviewInfluence2.0
9
Researchers summarized clinical features and laboratory findings in patients with juxtaglomerular cell tumors, noting that elevated plasma renin activity was a common finding. The study emphasized the importance of surgical intervention in restoring normal blood pressure and renin levels.
Clinical Trials (25)
25
Total Trials
2,103
Total Enrolled
Single and Twice-daily Dosing of Ramipril on Renal Function in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients With Reduced Ejection Fraction Heart Failure
Sponsor
Evi Liliek Wulandari
Enrollment
80
Started
2025
Primary outcome
Change in Plasma Renin Activity (PRA)
Chronic Kidney DiseaseHeart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)
Effect of Ciprofol on Intraoperative Hypotension in Elderly Patients Receiving Renin-angiotensin System Inhibitors
Sponsor
Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine
Enrollment
140
Started
2025
Primary outcome
The time-weighted average of hypotension
Intraoperative HypotensionCiprofolRenin-angiotensin System Inhibitors
Renin Levels as Prognostic Indicators of Septic Shock Severity and Outcome
NCT06545838RECRUITING
Sponsor
Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology
Enrollment
50
Started
2025
Primary outcome
Correlation between blood renin concentration and norepinephrine dosage
SepsisSeptic Shock
HT-ENDO: A Multiomics-based Biomarker for the Diagnosis of Endocrine Hypertension: a Pragmatic, Diagnostic, Randomized, Outcome-based Trial
NCT06578975UNKNOWN
Sponsor
JDeinum
Enrollment
250
Started
2024
Primary outcome
Potency of antihypertensive medication
Hypertension
REnin-guided TherApy With MinEralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Primary Aldosteronism - Feasibility Study
NCT06108427RECRUITING
Sponsor
Centre Integre Universitaire de Sante et Services Sociaux du Nord de l'ile de Montreal
Enrollment
58
Started
2024
Primary outcome
Proportion of participants with unsuppressed renin
Primary Aldosteronism
Use of Renin Versus Lactic Acid as Tissue Perfusion Biomarkers for Mortality Prediction in Hypotensive Critically Ill Patients
NCT05810415UNKNOWN
Sponsor
Al-Azhar University
Enrollment
84
Started
2022
Primary outcome
Evaluation of serum renin level as a marker of tissue perfusion and prediction of mortality of critically ill patients in intensive care unit in comparison with serum lactate.
SepsisObstructive ShockCritical IllnessHypotensiveCritically Ill
Assessing the Effects of a Cannabidiol Derived From Hemp Supplement in Healthy Adults
NCT05212402COMPLETED
Sponsor
University of South Carolina
Enrollment
56
Started
2022
Primary outcome
Changes in angiotensin-renin converting enzyme (ACE)
HealthySafety Issues
Establishment of Aldosterone and Renin Reference Range
NCT05232162UNKNOWN
Sponsor
University Malaysia Sarawak
Enrollment
300
Started
2021
Primary outcome
Aldosterone and renin reference intervals
Aldosteronism
Pediatric Hypertension and the Renin-Angiotensin SystEm (PHRASE)
NCT04752293RECRUITING
Sponsor
Wake Forest University Health Sciences
Enrollment
125
Started
2021
Primary outcome
Baseline Urine Angiotensin-(1-7)/Creatinine Ratio
HypertensionLeft Ventricular HypertrophyLeft Ventricular DysfunctionLeft Atrial DilatationLeft Ventricular Diastolic DysfunctionKidney DiseasesKidney InjuryKidney DysfunctionSodium Urine HighBlood Pressure DisordersUric Acid RetentionAngiotensin HypertensionAutonomic DysfunctionAutonomic ImbalancePediatric Kidney DiseasePediatric ObesityProteinuriaAlbuminuria
Renin and Renal Biomarker Response to Angiotensin II
Sponsor
Alexander Flannery
Enrollment
30
Started
2020
Primary outcome
Change in Plasma Renin Levels
Septic ShockAcute Kidney Injury
Study of Renin-angiotensin System in Mechanically Ventilated Subjects
NCT03212690TERMINATED
Sponsor
GlaxoSmithKline
Enrollment
57
Started
2018
Primary outcome
Renin-angiotensin System Cascade Biomarker to Include Angiotensin (Ang) II Level
Acute Lung Injury
Determination of Threshold Values of Aldosterone in HPLC-MS/MS, of Renin and of the Aldosterone / Renin Ratio for the Diagnosis of Primary Hyperaldosteronism
NCT05640128COMPLETED
Sponsor
University Hospital, Caen
Enrollment
105
Started
2018
Primary outcome
Aldosterone values in LC-MS/MS (and renin) and RAR calculation and calculation of an RAR threshold for PAH screening which differentiates between essential hypertension and PAH.
Hyperaldosteronism; Primary
Effect of Renin-Angiotensin System on Platelet in Patient With Sepsis
NCT03952390COMPLETED
Sponsor
Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
Enrollment
53
Started
2018
Primary outcome
Platelet Count of Blood Sample
Sepsis
Clarifying Optimal Sodium Intake Project
Sponsor
University College Hospital Galway
Enrollment
269
Started
2016
Primary outcome
Change in cardiovascular biomarkers (Renin)
Blood PressureHypertensionKidney DiseaseCardiovascular Disease
Renal Transplant Injury and the Renin-Angiotensin System in Kids (RETASK)
NCT03317925COMPLETED
Sponsor
Wake Forest University Health Sciences
Enrollment
29
Started
2014
Primary outcome
Acute graft injury
Renal TransplantRenin-Angiotensin SystemRejection Acute RenalRejection Chronic RenalRejection of Renal Transplant
Cardiovascular Disease Protection Tissue
NCT02348515COMPLETED
Sponsor
University of Florida
Enrollment
8
Started
2013
Primary outcome
Imbalance of vasoprotective and vasodeleterious axes of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) is associated with dysfunction of CPC isolated from diseased tissue
Myocardial Ischemia
Effect of Renin-angiotensin-system Blockade on Urinary Free Light Chains in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Sponsor
Tulane University School of Medicine
Enrollment
28
Started
2012
Primary outcome
Change in Urine Microalbumin Creatinine Ratio
Type 2 DiabetesHypertension
Additive Renoprotective Effects of Oral Calcitriol in IgA Nephropathy Patients Taking Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers
NCT01237028COMPLETED
Sponsor
Yonsei University
Enrollment
168
Started
2011
Primary outcome
changes in proteinuria
IgA Nephropathy
Albuminuria Reduction With Renin Angiotensin System Inhibitors in SCA Patients
NCT01195818COMPLETED
Sponsor
Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
Enrollment
53
Started
2010
Primary outcome
Comparison of albuminuria/ urinary creatinin ratio before and after a 6 months RAS inhibitor treatment period
Sickle Cell Disease
Direct Renin Inhibition and the Kidney
Sponsor
Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Enrollment
22
Started
2010
Primary outcome
renal plasma flow
Renal Function
Compare the Effect of Aliskiren Plus Valsartan Versus Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor (ACEi) Plus Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARB) [Ramipril Plus Telmisartan] on the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) in Hypertensive Patients
Sponsor
Novartis Pharmaceuticals
Enrollment
88
Started
2009
Primary outcome
Compare the effects of aliskiren + valsartan vs ramipril + telmisartan on 24-hour urinary aldosterone
Hypertension
Aliskiren and Renin Inhibition in Diastolic Heart Failure
NCT00773084WITHDRAWN
Sponsor
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center
Enrollment
0
Started
2008
Primary outcome
Compare the baseline level of RAAS dysregulation between Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites with stable diastolic HF by measuring established biomarkers.
Diastolic Heart Failure
Direct Renin Inhibition Effects on Atherosclerotic Biomarkers
Sponsor
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center
Enrollment
38
Started
2008
Primary outcome
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1
Coronary Artery DiseaseType 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Effects of Vitamin D on Renin Expression in Hypertensive Patients
Sponsor
University of Utah
Enrollment
12
Started
2007
Primary outcome
Compare plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma renin concentration (PRC) in hypertensive patients (JNC VII stage I) following 14 days treatment with calcitriol (1α, 25-[OH]2 vitamin D3) or matched placebo.
HypertensionVitamin D Deficiency
Optimalization of Nephroprotection Using Agents Inhibiting Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
NCT00528385COMPLETED
Sponsor
Medical University of Gdansk
Started
2005
Primary outcome
Investigate the antiproteinuric effect of adding aldosterone antagonist, spironolactone to the combination therapy with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and AT-1 receptor blocker in maximal recommended doses.
Chronic Kidney DiseaseProteinuria
Publication Trend
Research publications about Renin over time
5totalTrack your bloodwork in PepStack
Log lab results, track trends and optimize your biomarkers over time.
Legal Disclaimer
This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer