Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), also known as Abrineurin, is an endogenous neurotrophin primarily produced in the brain. It belongs to the growth factor category and is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system. BDNF is synthesized by neurons and glial cells, including astrocytes, and plays a crucial role in neuronal survival, development, and synaptic plasticity. Researchers have extensively studied BDNF due to its significant involvement in brain functions and its potential therapeutic implications. BDNF is involved in various physiological processes, including cognitive functions, mood regulation, and neural repair. It has been implicated in conditions such as depression, diabetes, and spinal cord injuries. Research has shown that BDNF levels can be influenced by factors such as exercise, which is associated with improved cognition and mood. Moreover, BDNF's role in post-stroke depression and diabetes-related brain function impairment is being actively investigated. BDNF exerts its effects primarily through binding to the TrkB receptor, initiating a cascade of intracellular signaling pathways that promote neuronal survival, differentiation, and synaptic plasticity. This signaling involves pathways such as PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK, and PLCγ, which contribute to its diverse biological effects. Pharmacokinetic properties of BDNF, such as half-life and bioavailability, are not well-documented, particularly for different administration routes. However, researchers have explored novel delivery methods, such as intranasal administration, to enhance its therapeutic potential. Clinically, BDNF is not yet approved as a therapeutic agent, but its potential in treating neurological disorders and enhancing neuroprotection is under investigation. Regulatory standing varies by region, with ongoing research into its clinical applications.