New avenues of exploration for erythropoietin.
The study demonstrated that erythropoietin plays significant cytoprotective roles in non-hematopoietic tissues, including the brain and heart, suggesting its potential in treating various disorders.
EPO · Epoetin · Procrit · Epogen
Erythropoietin (Epo) is a glycoprotein hormone primarily produced by the tubular cells of the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood. Researchers primarily study Epo for its role in regulating red blood cell production and its implications in conditions such as anemia, particularly in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Key findings indicate that Epo therapy can significantly improve quality of life by alleviating symptoms associated with anemia, as evidenced by both subjective patient reports and objective measures of physical performance. Furthermore, studies have shown that Epo production is tightly regulated at the molecular level, with mRNA expression responding rapidly to hypoxic conditions. Current research continues to explore the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of Epo and its biosimilars, highlighting its clinical relevance in managing anemia and enhancing patient outcomes.
Erythropoietin (EPO), also known as epoetin, is a glycoprotein hormone primarily produced by the kidneys in response to hypoxia. It belongs to the class of pituitary and trophic hormones. Recombinant forms of erythropoietin, such as epoetin alfa and epoetin beta, are synthesized for therapeutic use. EPO plays a crucial role in erythropoiesis, the process of red blood cell production, by stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Researchers have extensively studied EPO's role in treating anemia, particularly in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), where it has been shown to improve quality of life by alleviating anemia-related symptoms. The mechanism of action of erythropoietin involves binding to the erythropoietin receptor on erythroid progenitor cells, activating the JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway, which promotes cell survival and proliferation. Pharmacokinetically, recombinant erythropoietin has a variable half-life depending on the route of administration, with intravenous administration showing a mean half-life ranging from 4.42 to 11.02 hours. EPO is primarily metabolized in the liver and kidneys. Clinically, erythropoietin is used to treat anemia associated with chronic kidney disease, chemotherapy, and certain other conditions. It is approved by regulatory agencies such as the FDA and EMA, with biosimilar versions also available. Researchers have observed that while EPO products demonstrate high quality, there is some batch-to-batch variability, consistent with the nature of biological products.
| Formel | C42H73NO16 |
| Molekulargewicht | 848g/mol |
| CAS-Nummer | 113427-24-0 |
| PubChem CID | 92043599 |
Erythropoietin acts on the erythropoietin receptor, primarily located on erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. This interaction activates the JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway, leading to increased survival, proliferation, and differentiation of these progenitor cells into mature red blood cells.
Erythropoietin (Epo) exerts its effects primarily through the erythropoietin receptor (EPOR), which is a member of the class I cytokine receptor family. Binding of Epo to EPOR activates the JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway, leading to the transcription of genes that promote erythrocyte production in the bone marrow. This process enhances erythropoiesis, particularly in response to hypoxic conditions, although the precise regulatory mechanisms of Epo production and action are not fully understood.
Circulating half-life ~5-9 hours
~24-48 hours
4.42 to 11.02 hours
Pharmacokinetics can vary based on the specific recombinant form and patient condition. Subcutaneous administration generally results in a longer half-life compared to intravenous.
Temperature
Refrigerate at 2-8C
Light
Protect from light
Form
Aqueous solution: use within specified time after opening
Notes
Do not freeze. Store in original packaging to protect from light.
Erythropoietin is soluble in water, facilitating its formulation as an injectable solution.
🇩🇪DE
Verschreibungspflichtig (prescription only). Not listed under BtMG.
🇺🇸US
FDA approved for specific indications. Prescription required.
🇦🇺AU
Schedule 4 (S4) - Prescription Only Medicine.
🇬🇧UK
Prescription Only Medicine (POM) under MHRA regulation.
Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.
Current evidence is limited regarding the precise cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways that regulate erythropoietin production in the kidneys, particularly in response to varying hypoxic conditions. Further research is needed to clarify the specific roles of different renal cell types in Epo synthesis and to explore the impact of Epo therapy on long-term quality of life outcomes in diverse populations, including those with chronic kidney disease and other comorbidities. Additionally, larger randomized controlled trials are necessary to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of different epoetin formulations, especially concerning batch-to-batch variability and its clinical implications.
6,761
Total Citations
47
Human/RCT
3.9
Avg. Influence
2019
Latest
The study demonstrated that erythropoietin plays significant cytoprotective roles in non-hematopoietic tissues, including the brain and heart, suggesting its potential in treating various disorders.
Researchers observed pronounced up-regulation of erythropoietin and its receptor in human ischemic/hypoxic brain tissue, suggesting their role as an endogenous neuroprotective system.
Researchers observed that erythropoietin (Epo) signaling plays a crucial role in non-hematopoietic tissues, contributing to wound healing and angiogenesis beyond its erythropoietic function.
Researchers observed that the effectiveness of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in managing anemia is influenced more by the duration of EPO exposure than by peak EPO concentration.
Researchers observed that critically ill patients have low endogenous erythropoietin levels but respond to exogenous epoetin alfa with increased reticulocyte counts and serum transferrin receptors.
Researchers observed that erythropoietin and its receptors in the brain play significant roles in neuroprotection and development, with EPO administration providing protective effects in animal models of brain ischemia.
The review highlighted the multifaceted roles of erythropoietin in erythropoiesis and its potential therapeutic applications beyond anemia, including risks associated with its use.
Researchers observed that erythropoietin and its receptor are expressed in various nonhematopoietic tissues, including tumors, and while its effects on tumor growth are inconclusive, it may reduce hypoxia-related complications in cancer.
The study demonstrated that renal erythropoietin mRNA expression increases rapidly in response to acute hypoxia, with synthesis localized primarily in the renal tubular cells of rats.
The study demonstrated that erythropoietin (EPO) has multi-tissue effects beyond erythropoiesis, influencing metabolic responses and tissue maintenance during ischemic stress in various non-hematopoietic organs.
283
Total Trials
71,499
Total Enrolled
Hoffmann-La Roche
6,000
2008
Quality of life assessment: Kidney Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire
Sandoz
2,086
2010
Haemoglobin outcomes, including haemoglobin levels in g/dL, change in haemoglobin levels over time (in g/dL and %), number and proportion of patients with haematopoietic response, number and proportion of patients reaching target haemoglobin levels.
Janssen-Cilag B.V.
1,927
2005
The assessment of effectiveness based on: epoetin alfa treatment schedule (dose and timing), hemoglobin effect, response to treatment (independent of blood transfusion), mean time to response, # of blood transfusions given, and iron supplementation
Cardiochirurgia E.H.
600
2012
Use of allogenic blood transfusions
Hoffmann-La Roche
551
2012
Percentage of Participants With an Increase From Baseline in Hemoglobin Level of Greater Than or Equal to (>/=) 1 g/dL or a Hemoglobin Level Between 10 and 12 g/dL After 9 Months of Treatment Without any Transfusional Recourse
Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University
400
2025
Perioperative allogeneic red blood cell transfusion volume
Sheba Medical Center
400
2006
Hoffmann-La Roche
393
2008
Percentage of Participants With Hemoglobin (Hb) Value Within the Target Range (110 to 120 Grams Per Liter [g/L]) at Baseline
Hoffmann-La Roche
290
2007
Percentage of Participants With a Hemoglobin Value of 11-12 Grams Per Deciliter (g/dL) From Visit 7 (Month 7) to Visit 9 (Month 9)
Hoffmann-La Roche
223
2009
Percentage of Participants With Hemoglobin Values in the Range of 11-12 Grams Per Deciliter (g/dL) During the Evaluation Period of Visit 7 (Month 7) to Visit 9 (Month 9)
Hoffmann-La Roche
197
2009
Correlation Coefficient (r) Between Serum C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Level and Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol-Epoetin Beta Dose
Mahidol University
152
2009
The utility scores of hemodialysis (HD) patients who use EPO to maintain the Hb target level.
Saint-Joseph University
134
2018
Transfusion
Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine
110
2023
Haemoglobin level on postoperative day 5
University Hospital, Montpellier
100
2014
Compare Hb level after treatment with EPO associated with iron treatment by oral or intravenous route
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
97
2016
Change in Interleukin 6(IL6)
PT. Daewoong Infion
82
2019
Hb level change
Hospital Authority, Hong Kong
66
2001
endothelial function and atherosclerosis
Services Hospital, Lahore
60
2026
Hemoglobin Levels
Seoul National University Hospital
60
2019
postoperative <12 month Angiogenesis
Assiut University
50
2021
effect of erythropoietin on MDS prognosis
Penang Hospital, Malaysia
44
2015
Mean change in haemoglobin levels
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon
40
2019
EPO concentration UI/L
University of Aarhus
35
2011
Changes in serum protein isoforms measured by proteomics
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
31
2006
Evaluate the percentage of patients achieving a target hemoglobin of 11 g/dL or greater by day 100 following allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Amgen
28
2013
Haemoglobin Concentration
Institut du Cancer de Montpellier - Val d'Aurelle
27
2007
Treatment failure (changes in hemoglobin levels)
University of Copenhagen
12
2022
Changes in CD71 expression
University Medical Center Groningen
12
2010
The percentage of difference between radioactivity (quantified as counts per pixel) of the predefined area of interest of the experimental and control thenar muscle at one and four hours after reperfusion.
Hillerod Hospital, Denmark
11
2008
Cognitive function
OHSU Knight Cancer Institute
7
2003
Number of Subjects That Maintained Target Hemoglobin Level (11-12 g/dL) Maintenance Weekly for 12 Weeks
Amgen
2002
Exercise tolerance, measured as peak VO(subscript)2
Ortho Pharmaceuticals
R W Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute
Ortho Pharmaceuticals
Ortho Pharmaceuticals
Ortho Pharmaceuticals
Sanquin Research & Blood Bank Divisions
2,598
2004
Number of allogeneic red blood cell (RBC) transfusions.
Amgen
2,000
2002
Mean hemoglobin during the evaluation period.
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
1,432
2002
The primary outcome will be a composite consisting of mortality (all cause), myocardial infarction, stroke, and CHF hospitalization (not including those hospitalizations during which RRT occurs)
Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University
400
2022
Mean Hemoglobin (Hb) change from baseline to average levels from Week 28 to Week 52.
Janssen-Cilag B.V.
316
1999
Number of patients who receive an allogenic red blood cell transfusion during the study, during each chemotherapy cycle, and at 4 weeks after the last administration of chemotherapy
Amgen
216
2015
Percentage of Hemoglobin Measurements Within 10 to 11 g/dL During the Evaluation Period
Herning Hospital
200
2003
The functional capacity measured by postoperative fatigue, work capacity, balance, and quality of life
Imperial College London
197
2015
Hemoglobin Incrementation
Hoffmann-La Roche
189
2008
Mean Change in Hemoglobin Concentration From Baseline to Week 16 of the Treatment Period
Hoffmann-La Roche
132
2008
Percentage of Participants Maintaining Mean Hemoglobin Levels Within the Target Range During the Last 4 Weeks of the Treatment Period (Weeks 8 to 12)
University of Oregon
121
2021
Lake Louise Score
Hoffmann-La Roche
117
2007
Percentage of Participants Who Achieved a Clinical Response 3-4 Weeks After Start of Treatment
Hoffmann-La Roche
102
2010
Mean time taken to achieve target hemoglobin (Hb) levels range (10-12 g/dL) During Efficacy Evaluation Period (EEP)
Dr. Conrado Fernandez
101
2008
Rate of patients with RNA-HCV negative in each arm at week 24 after the end of treatment.
Kunshan First People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University
96
2014
Number of participants with Hematological evaluation
Hoffmann-La Roche
90
Hb level, decline in renal function, 24h proteinuria, creatinine clearance.
West Penn Allegheny Health System
76
2007
Decrease in Delayed Graft Function
Yonsei University
76
2017
Incidence of delirium
Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital
74
2005
Percentage of patients with undetectable RNA-HCV
Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
72
In-stent Neointimal volume
Yonsei University
66
2011
Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury Based on RIFLE Criteria
Future University in Egypt
60
2024
Pain visual analogue scale (P-VAS)
Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
60
2025
The impacts of different drug therapies (roxadustat or erythropoietin) on the sarcopenia status of patients
Hoffmann-La Roche
50
Hb level, BP.
Andrea L Woodland
50
2010
Cost of Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agent
Hoffmann-La Roche
48
2006
Local pain due to s.c. injection (by VAS).
Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center
43
2003
A secure web-based assessment of cancer-related symptoms (LCSS), functional status (SF-36), and quality of life (FACT-An and PFS) will be obtained every 2 weeks (weeks 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13).
University of Ulsan
39
2012
Acute mountain sickness score
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
37
2006
Number of Participants Receiving pRBC (Packed Red Blood Cell) Transfusions
Bio Sidus SA
30
2011
Number of subjects with adverse events and percentage of therapy withdrawals due to treatment emergent adverse events
Hoffmann-La Roche
28
2009
Increase in Hb >1.0g/dL from baseline, and Hb conc. >11g/dL without red blood cell transfusion, for dialysis patients;Hb conc >11-12 g/dL for pre-dialysis patients
Hoffmann-La Roche
28
2004
Incidence of adverse events
Ortho Biotech Products, L.P.
25
2002
Frequency and percentage of subjects in each dosing regimen will be summarized. Hemoglobin (Hb) response and maintenance of initial treatment phase Hb with alternate doses of Epoetin alfa. Time and reasons for discontinuing Epoetin alfa.
AstraZeneca
25
2021
Difference From Baseline to Day 15 in Area Under Curve (AUC) of GI Iron Absorption (0-3 Hours)
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
22
2005
Mean Hemoglobin Concentration at 8 Weeks After Entry Into the Study
United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine
18
2022
3.2 km self-paced treadmill time trial performance
Ain Shams University
15
2024
Dimensional changes
Ortho Biotech Products, L.P.
13
2003
Change in physical function score as measured by the Six Minute Walk Test (6MWT) and Short Physical Performance (SPP) Summary Score compared from Baseline to Week 5, Week 9, Week 13, Week 17/ Early Withdrawal and Week 20/Follow-up.
Rabin Medical Center
10
2007
University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
9
2011
Reticulocyte count on day 7
Catharina Ziekenhuis Eindhoven
7
2014
The number of patients who receive RBC transfusion perioperatively
VA Office of Research and Development
5
2017
Change in Carotid Total Plaque Volume From Baseline to Approximately 1 Year, as Assessed by Non-contrast MRI
Hoffmann-La Roche
1
2007
Change in Hb concentration between baseline and efficacy evaluation period (EEP).
Weill Medical College of Cornell University
2002
change in hemoglobin
Amgen
Hemoglobin values
Amgen
Subject preference
GlaxoSmithKline
3,872
2016
Time to First Occurrence of Adjudicated Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event (MACE) During Cardiovascular (CV) Events Follow-up Time Period (Non-inferiority Analysis)
Amgen
2,549
2009
Overall Survival (OS)
AstraZeneca
2,133
2014
Mean Change From Baseline in Hb Averaged Over Week 28 to Week 52
Ministry of Health, Malaysia
2,000
2005
To investigate the Hb levels at each every 3 months follow up visit and the incidence of lack anticipated Hb response or loss of response to Biogeneric Epoetin. To monitor the occurrence of PRCA and other immunogenicity related adverse event.
Akebia Therapeutics
1,725
2016
Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin (Hb) to the Average Over the Primary Efficacy Period (Weeks 24 to 36)
Hoffmann-La Roche
1,228
2004
Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin Concentration to the Last Month of Study Participation
Amgen
850
2005
Subject incidence of adverse events
Affymax
803
2007
Mean Change in Hemoglobin Between Baseline and the Evaluation Period
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC
687
2009
Percentage of Participants With Sustained Virologic Response (SVR)
Giovanni FM Strippoli, MD
656
2009
TSAT (transferrin saturation), serum albumin, serum ferritin, serum transferrin, serum C reactive protein
NICHD Neonatal Research Network
650
2017
Bayley III Composite Cognitive Score
Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre
606
2010
Combined proportion of unfavourable neurological outcomes at 6 months: severe disability (defined as GOSE scores 2-4) or death (GOSE score 1).
Hoffmann-La Roche
605
2000
Median Time to First Cardiovascular Event
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
596
2000
Percent change in left ventricular volume index (LVVI) at Week 96.
Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
500
2009
Number of patients reaching a CPC (cerebral performance category) level 1 in each group
Affymax
493
2007
Mean Change in Hemoglobin Between Baseline and the Evaluation Period
Translational Research Center for Medical Innovation, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
476
2012
Composite renal outcome of chronic dialysis, kidney transplantation, eGFR 6 mL/min/1.73m2 or less, or eGFR less than 50% of initial value.
Amgen
446
2005
Change in Hb level between the screening/baseline period and the evaluation period
Sandoz
435
2012
Mean Absolute Change in Hemoglobin Levels Between the Screening/Baseline Period (Week -4 to Day 1) and the Evaluation Period (Week 21-28)
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
430
2007
Change in Hemoglobin Concentration in Grams Per Deciliter (g/dL) From Baseline to the Average of the Last 12 Weeks of Treatment
Amgen
420
2005
Ratio of weekly dose at the evaluation period to the weekly dose at baseline
Sandoz
417
2012
Anti-Erythropoietin (EPO) Antibodies
Shire
407
2006
Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin (Hb) Concentration at 24 Weeks
GlaxoSmithKline
407
2018
Mean Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin Levels Over the Evaluation Period (Week 28 to Week 52)
Bristol-Myers Squibb
402
2023
Number of participants with lower-risk non-transfusion dependent myelodysplastic syndromes (NTD-MDS) who converted to Transfusion Dependence (TD) during any continuous 16-week interval within the 96-week treatment period
Zydus Lifesciences Limited
392
2020
Hemoglobin level
Akebia Therapeutics
369
2016
Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin (Hb) to the Average Over the Primary Efficacy Period (Weeks 24 to 36)
Barts & The London NHS Trust
360
2010
Quality of Life - To compare the Quality of Life of low risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) patients randomised to receive prolonged treatment with DA alone, DA with G-CSF or best supportive care alone
Amgen
358
2009
Hb Change Between Baseline and the Evaluation Period (Average of Weeks 29-33)
GlaxoSmithKline
355
2016
Mean Hemoglobin (Hgb) During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period (Weeks 40 to 52) in ND Participants
Sandoz
337
2007
Change in Hemoglobin Level
Amgen
320
1999
Percentage of Participants with a Red Blood Cell Transfusion During Weeks 5 to 12
Pfizer
320
2012
Mean Weekly Hemoglobin Level From Week 30 to Week 34: Maintenance Period
Akebia Therapeutics
319
2020
Change From Baseline in Hb to the Average Over the Primary Evaluation Period (PEP) (Weeks 20 to 26)
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
316
1993
Proportion of patients in each treatment group, overall, and within each baseline hemoglobin group requiring blood transfusion following major orthopedic surgery
Hallym University Medical Center
312
2023
Mean Hb change
GlaxoSmithKline
312
2017
Mean Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin (Hgb) During Evaluation Period (Week 28 to Week 52)
Tanabe Pharma Corporation
304
2017
Mean Hb Level of Week 20 and Week 24
Astellas Pharma Inc
303
2016
Change from baseline in the average hemoglobin (Hb)
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
282
2004
Fatigue response as measured by the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Fatigue Subscale
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
275
1997
Hoffmann-La Roche
265
2007
Hb response rate
Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical
248
2015
Changed amount of mean hemoglobin level in evaluation period compared to the baseline
Hoffmann-La Roche
228
2007
Change in Hemoglobin (Hb) Concentration From Baseline to the Evaluation Period
Ortho Biotech Products, L.P.
224
2000
Change in the patient-reported Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL Inventory) from baseline to the last assessment.
American Regent, Inc.
224
2003
Change From Baseline to the Maximum Hemoglobin Level During Stage 2 (Week 9 Through Week 21).
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
201
1995
Proportion of patients without transfusion after first month.
Thammasat University
200
2010
The primary end-point of this study is the development of AKI in placebo group compared with EPO group.
Chugai Pharmaceutical
187
2007
Rate of patients who maintain mean Hb concentration in the range of ≥ 10.0g/dL and ≤ 12.0g/dL
Fondazione Italiana Sindromi Mielodisplastiche-ETS
184
2007
study of comparison between standard theraphy rEPO (40.000unit/week) and association therapy between rEPO (40.000unit/week)plus Acid 13-Cis-Retinoic and Dihydroxyvitamin D3
Hoffmann-La Roche
182
2004
Hemoglobin response rate
Pfizer
170
2012
Percentage of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (AEs): Week 1
Hoffmann-La Roche
170
2002
Change From Baseline in Left Ventricle Mass Index (LVMI) at Month 15
Chugai Pharmaceutical
160
2008
The proportion of the subjects who receive red blood cell (RBC) transfusion and/or hemoglobin (Hb) concentration < 8.0 g/dL
Kyntra Bio
159
2022
Change in Hemoglobin (Hb) Level From Baseline to the Level Averaged Over Weeks 9-13
Amgen
150
2004
The proportion of subjects on QM darbepoetin alfa dosing maintained with a mean Hb greater than or equal to 11.0 g/dL during the evaluation phase
Amgen
147
2011
Percentage of Participants With at Least One Red Blood Cell (RBC) Transfusion During the Double-blind Treatment Period
Hoffmann-La Roche
140
2008
Percentage of Participants Maintaining Their Mean Hb Concentration Within Plus/Minus (±) 1 Grams Per Deciliter (g/dL) of the Reference Range and Between 10.0 and 12.0 g/dL During Efficacy Evaluation Period (EEP)
Deutsches Herzzentrum Muenchen
138
2006
Left ventricular ejection fraction measured by magnetic resonance imaging
Hoffmann-La Roche
133
2008
Mean Change in Hb Concentration g/dL Between Baseline and the Efficacy Evaluation Period
Hoffmann-La Roche
132
2008
Percentage of Participants Who Maintained Their Mean Hemoglobin Concentration Within +/- 1.0 Gram/Deciliter of Their Reference Hemoglobin Concentration and Between 10.0 and 12.0 Gram/Deciliter During the Efficacy Evaluation Period
Hoffmann-La Roche
124
2008
Percentage of Participants Who Maintained Average Hb Within Plus/Minus (±) 1 g/dL of Reference Hb and Within Target Range During the Efficacy Evaluation Period (EEP)
Chugai Pharmaceutical
122
2003
The increase in Hb concentration
American Regent, Inc.
121
2002
Mean Change From Baseline to the Highest Hemoglobin up to Day 71
Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
120
2013
Survival without neurologic sequelae
Amgen
116
2008
Proportion of Participants Achieving Hemoglobin ≥ 10.0 g/dL
Hoffmann-La Roche
111
2007
Percentage of Patients Able to Maintain Hemoglobin (Hb) Within 10-12 g/dL
Amgen
110
2004
The proportion of subjects on QM darbepoetin alfa dosing maintained with a mean Hb greater than or equal to 11.0 g/dL and less than or equal to 13.0 g/dL during the evaluation phase
University Eye Hospital, Freiburg
108
2014
Global retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFLT-G)
Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
100
2025
Mean Hemoglobin (Hgb) During the Efficacy Evaluation Period
Geoff Block
100
2026
Proportion of patients starting three times per week vadadustat (TIW-V) who remain on TIW-V at week 20
Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.
100
2023
Difference in mean hemoglobin (Hb) level between arms during the evaluation period after treatment (non-inferiority margin: -10 g/L)
The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
100
2023
The treatment response
Azidus Brasil
92
2013
Change of hemoglobin levels at correction phase (baseline vs end of treatment)
Hoffmann-La Roche
80
2007
Percentage of Participants Who Achieved Hemoglobin Response up to Week 24
Badr University
80
2025
- Hemoglobin concentration
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
77
1989
Number of units of blood self-donated; Number of donor-donated units of blood used; Total red blood cell volume; Total red blood cell production; Change in hemoglobin from baseline to after the final dose of study medication, but before surgery
The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
76
2023
The treatment response
Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre
74
2008
Hemoglobin Level in blood
Hoffmann-La Roche
61
2003
Percentage of Participants With Response to Treatment
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
60
2001
Number of red blood cell transfusions
Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, India
55
2011
transplant free survival at 1 year
Amgen
51
2006
Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36) Vitality Subscale Score at Week 24
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
51
2005
Percent of patients that achieved a hematopoietic response, defined as a Hb increase >= 2 g/dL and/or Hb = 12 g/dL during the study independent of transfusion within 28 days
M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
51
2008
Median Number of Participant Transfusions Required During 12 Weeks of Treatment
Hoffmann-La Roche
39
2008
Mean Change in Hemoglobin Concentration Between Baseline and the Efficacy Evaluation Period (EEP)
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
25
2008
Red Blood Cell (RBC) Transfusion
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
24
2015
Best Corrected Visual Acuity
Ain Shams University
18
2024
Clinical Scoring
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
17
1989
Number of units of units of blood donated by the patient; Number of units of donor blood transfused during surgery; Total red cell volume and percentage in self-donated blood; Percentage of sub-standard units of blood self-donated
Niguarda Hospital
10
2008
Improvement of ASIA Impairment Scale of at least 1 grade. Score on ASIA Scale and a ASIA Impairment Scale are an inclusion criteria, then at 3rd, 7th, 14th, 30th, 60th, 90th days
Amgen
9
2014
Number of Participants With Treatment-emergent Adverse Events
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
2004
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
2004
Amgen
Reduced incidence of transfusions
Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine
522
2003
Neurological/functional outcome as measured by the Barthel Index (BI)
St. Bartholomew's Hospital
360
2004
Quality of life (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Anemia [FACT-An] and EuroQOL-5D [EQ-5D])
NICHD Neonatal Research Network
318
1997
Erythrocyte transfusions in infants 401-1,000g birthweight
University of Aarhus
140
2006
The haematopoietic response at week 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20
Seoul National University Hospital
116
2007
change of left ventricular ejection fraction measured by cardiac MRI
Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences
100
2012
Death or moderate or severe disability at 18-22 months of age
Hannover Medical School
88
2007
Kidney Graft Function by Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
60
2022
The size of the conjunctival epithelial defect
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
58
2019
best corrected visual acuity
Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México
18
2022
Change from Baseline Visual Capacity
Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
7
2005
Overall survival
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
2,000
2024
Timing of treatment Substudy or Tier Advancement Pathway (TAP) assignment
Zhengzhou University
1,285
2014
Incidence of NEC
Amgen
750
2005
Change in hemoglobin (Hb) in chemotherapy induced anemia
University Medical Center Groningen
529
2007
Left ventricular ejection fraction 6 weeks after primary PCI, measured with planar radionuclide ventriculography
Swiss Neonatal Network
420
2006
Mental developmental index (Bayley II) and motor, visual and hearing impairment
Amgen
300
2002
Exercise tolerance
Amgen
300
2001
Proportion of subjects whose baseline score on the subjective FCST correctly estimates the baseline MHST score
Amgen
287
2002
Number of Participants Hospitalized During the Test Period
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
267
2005
Change in hemoglobin (Hb) from baseline to the end of the study; Primarily interested in the change in Hb between Q2W vs Q4W groups. Protocol Addendum: Hb change from baseline to end of open-label extension (no more than 36 weeks)
Amgen
243
2006
Number of Participants Who Achieved the Target Hemoglobin Level, by Darbepoetin Alfa Dose
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
235
2006
Hemoglobin (Hb) Change From Baseline to Study Week 7
GlaxoSmithKline
216
2013
Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin (Hgb) at Week 4
Amgen
209
2004
The proportion of subjects achieving an erythroid response during the 13-week test period
Kind Pharmaceuticals LLC
175
2023
Incidence of adverse events
Bayer
166
2014
Change in local laboratory hemoglobin level from baseline
Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology
160
2004
Toxicity
Hoffmann-La Roche
153
2006
Average Hb change from baseline
Amgen
150
2003
Rate of rise of hemoglobin concentration
Imperial College London
150
2021
Primary outcome measure (Mean (SD) of thalamic NAA level)
Hoffmann-La Roche
137
2001
Median Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin Levels to End of Initial Treatment Under Constant Dosing Regimen
Harold J. Burstein, MD, PhD
135
2003
To determine the rate of febrile neutropenia in women treated with dose-dense adjuvant chemotherapy receiving pegfilgrastim every 2 weeks.
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
129
2003
Proportion of patients achieving >= 2 g/dL Hb increase from baseline or Hb >= 12 g/dL in the Initiation Phase (up to 12 weeks).
University of Washington
120
2022
Plasma Ferritin at 35-36 weeks PMA
University Hospital, Angers
110
2008
Changes in infarct size as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging 3 months after administration of study medication
Groupe Francophone des Myelodysplasies
99
2004
To evaluate the efficacy of association of Erythropoetin and ATRA in patients with low risk myelodysplastic syndromes
Groupe Francophone des Myelodysplasies
99
2006
Erythroid response at 12 weeks according to IWG 2000 (major and minor hematologic improvement) and IWG 2006 criteria
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
99
2018
Improvement in indices visual acuity compared to normal course of the disease
Amgen
98
2002
To assess the proportion of CRI subjects maintaining a target hemoglobin (Hb) range of 10.0 to 12.0 g/dL when administered subcutaneous (SC) darbepoetin alfa once every 4 weeks
Yale University
96
2005
Bleeding time
Hoffmann-La Roche
91
2002
Median Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin Levels to End of Initial Treatment Under Constant Dosing Regimen
Bayer
88
2014
Change in local laboratory hemoglobin level from baseline
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
86
Number of transfusions; Change from baseline in levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, reticulocytes (immature red blood cells)
Fundacion para el Estudio de la Hematologia y Hemoterapia en Aragon
80
2006
Proportion of patients achieving an erythroid response during the 24-week treatment period.
Amgen
80
2005
The proportion of subjects experiencing any delay in any cycle of chemotherapy over the course of the study
GlaxoSmithKline
80
2012
Modeled Hemoglobin (Hgb) Change From Baseline (Pre-dose on Day 1) at 4 Weeks of Treatment
Shenyang Sunshine Pharmaceutical Co., LTD.
80
2025
Incidence and severity of adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs) Events (NCI-CTCAE V5.0).
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
72
Change in hemoglobin and hematocrit (laboratory tests used to evaluate the severity of anemia), transfusion requirements, and patient's quality of life assessment.
Hoffmann-La Roche
65
2002
The Change in Hemoglobin Over Time Between Baseline and End of Initial Treatment Based on Individual Regression Slopes
Hoffmann-La Roche
64
2008
Change in Average Hb Concentration Between Baseline and Evaluation Period
Ain Shams University
64
2014
Effect on Anemic status (Measurement of Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, serum iron,Total Iron Binding Capacity and serum ferritin)
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
60
2004
The primary objective of this study is to describe the PK profiles of six different dosing regimens of epoetin alfa in anemic critically ill subjects, including regimen A, that is being used in a large registration trial
Institut Claudius Regaud
55
2003
Biological response rate for each group.
Fresenius Medical Care North America
48
2010
Change in Erythropoietin Dose
Amgen
44
2005
To characterize the PK of darbepoetin alfa administered at a SC dose of 0.45 mcg/kg TIW in the treatment of anemia in subjects with non-myeloid malignancies receiving multicycle chemotherapy
Institut fuer anwendungsorientierte Forschung und klinische Studien GmbH
40
2006
nerve fiber loss in the optical nerve head determined by optical coherence tomography at weeks 4,8 and 16 compared to baseline. Measurements at baseline and week 16 are used to calculate estimates for changes and differences between the groups.
Centre Hospital Regional Universitaire de Limoges
40
2005
Fatigue
Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC
39
2009
Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin (Hg) Level at Week 4
Novartis Pharmaceuticals
34
2009
Percentage of Participants With Hematological Response of the Erythropoetic System (HI-E) - Core Phase
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
32
2006
The Number of Patients Who Developed Peripheral Sensory Neuropathy (National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI CTC) Score >= 1) at Week 12.
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
29
2004
To assess changes in fatigue in patients at least 18 years old with chronic rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and chronic anemia (Hb < 11.0 g/dL) due to ACD receiving weekly s.c. doses of PROCRIT versus placebo.
Novartis Pharmaceuticals
28
2014
Difference in Percentage of Patients Achieving Erythroid Response Within 12 Weeks, by Treatment Group (Full Analysis Set)
North Texas Veterans Healthcare System
25
2006
days of acute renal failure
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
12
2004
To assess the change in physical function from baseline to end of study as measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) summary score.
Chinese University of Hong Kong
12
2026
Incidence of platelet counts exceeding the normal range
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
11
2005
The primary endpoint is the hemoglobin response rate, defined as the proportion of subjects who achieve at least a 1 gram per deciliter hemoglobin increase from baseline by Week 17.
University Medical Center Groningen
10
2007
The increase from baseline between EPO and saline treated subjects in activity of EPOR-STC including but not limited to, phospho Erk1/2, phospho Akt, activated caspase-3, and activated STAT5 in the second atrial biopsy.
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
9
2004
To assess the change in physical function from baseline to end of study as measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) summary score.
University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
8
2010
Proportion of patients exceeding Hemoglobin (Hb) of 15 g/L within 3 months
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
6
2005
The primary endpoint is the change in composite FIM scores (from entry into the inpatient rehabilitation facility to discharge from inpatient rehabilitation) divided by the LOS, denoted as DFIM/LOS, or "rate of functional recovery".
Akebia Therapeutics
2
2017
Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin (Hb) Over Time During the Treatment Period
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
1
1991
Transfusion requirements following surgery; Changes in hematocrit, hemoglobin, and reticulocyte count from the start of the study to the end of the study
Fallon Clinic
2001
Clinical response
Amgen
2002
Anemia correction
Amgen
Achieving a hemoglobin concentration greater than or equal to 12.0 g/dL or a greater than or equal to 2.0-g/dL increase in hemoglobin concentration compared to baseline
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
2003
Percentage of margin-free resections produced by each program
Thomas Jefferson University
1988
Amgen
2002
Anemia correction
Amgen
Northwestern University
2000
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
117
2015
Number of Participants With Change/Improvement Visual Acuity From the Beseline
China Medical University Hospital
100
2009
The primary short-term outcome measures are brain injury (intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)) and ROP.
Globe Biotech Limited
42
2021
Primary endpoint to measure safety, efficacy and acceptability of Erythropoietin medicine
Celgene Corporation
40
2005
PK Phase: Area-under-the Concentration-time Curve (AUC0-24) for Lenalidomide
Ajou University School of Medicine
37
2010
Functional status of the participants after 6 months of procedure assessed by modified Rankin Scale.
Bundang CHA Hospital
24
2019
Change of Functional Independence Measure
Alexandria University
20
2019
Assessment of visual acuity
Medgenics Medical Israel Ltd.
19
2008
Safety Endpoints: adverse events; safety laboratory values; immune response by determination of anti-EPO antibodies; dermal safety outcomes
H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute
13
2021
Phase 1b: Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD)
Johns Hopkins University
4
2015
Total Number of Packed Red Blood Cells Transfused During the Intraoperative and Immediate Postoperative Period
Amgen
2002
Pharmacokinetic profiling of Aranesp® in HF pts
Akebia Therapeutics
46
2019
Mean area under concentration-time curve from time 0 to the last quantifiable concentration (AUClast)
Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Joint Stock Company
44
2026
AUC0-t
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
40
2006
The primary objective of the study is to describe the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of 4 different dosing regimens of PROCRIT in patients with anemia secondary to chronic kidney disease (CKD) not on dialysis.
Tianjin SinoBiotech Ltd.
34
2018
Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events [Safety and Tolerability]
Azidus Brasil
28
2013
rHuEPO serum concentration
Bio Sidus SA
24
2016
AUC0-t
University of California, San Francisco
24
2010
Serious adverse event
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
20
2026
The proportion of subjects free of opportunistic infection attributed to the investigational study regimen
University of Copenhagen
16
2012
Change in the Renal Blood Flow (RBF ml/min).
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
7
2005
An increase in fetal hemoglobin, as measured by high performance liquid chromatograph, from hydroxyurea alone/stabilized baseline to concurrent Erythropoietin in standard therapy/sequence l.
Northwestern University
3
1999
Amgen
Bispebjerg Hospital
25
2011
Maximal oxygen-flux (picomol/second)
Assiut University
3
2024
oxygen saturation in neonates hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy after treatment byerythropoietin
Log cycles, set reminders and visualize serum levels.
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