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Hormone · Profile

Estradiol

E2 · 17β-Estradiol · Estradiol Valerate · Estrofem

Sex Hormones & TRTApproved
MW
272.4g/mol
Formula
C18H24O2

Estradiol, specifically 17β-estradiol (E2), is a potent steroid hormone primarily produced in the ovaries, testes, and adrenal glands, playing a crucial role in the regulation of reproductive and non-reproductive functions in both males and females. Researchers primarily study E2 for its multifaceted effects on various physiological processes, including its influence on cancer development, neuroplasticity, and metabolic regulation. Key findings suggest that E2 may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer in females by modulating gene expression and enhancing DNA repair mechanisms, while also exhibiting dual roles in promoting tumor growth under certain conditions. Additionally, studies indicate that E2's actions are mediated through estrogen receptor subtypes, which can be disrupted by environmental xenoestrogens, complicating its physiological effects. Current research continues to explore the complex interactions of E2 in health and disease, highlighting its clinical relevance in understanding sex differences in disease susceptibility and treatment responses.

Overview

Übersicht

Estradiol, also known as 17β-Estradiol or E2, is an endogenous steroid hormone and the primary female sex hormone. It is produced mainly in the ovaries, with additional synthesis occurring in the adrenal glands and, to a lesser extent, in the male testes. Chemically, it belongs to the class of estrogens, which are steroid hormones. Estradiol plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of female reproductive tissues, but it also has significant effects on other tissues, including bone, brain, and the cardiovascular system. Researchers have observed its involvement in neuroplasticity, synaptic rearrangements, and modulation of the immune response. Estradiol's mechanism of action involves binding to estrogen receptors, primarily ERα and ERβ, triggering genomic and non-genomic pathways that influence gene expression and cellular function. It also interacts with G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) pathways, contributing to its complex role in both promoting and inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. Pharmacokinetically, estradiol has a short circulating half-life of approximately 70 minutes. Its metabolism primarily occurs in the liver, where it undergoes conjugation and is excreted in urine. Oral administration results in poor bioavailability due to first-pass metabolism, whereas transdermal and injectable forms provide more consistent systemic levels. Clinically, estradiol is used in hormone replacement therapy, contraceptives, and treatment of certain cancers. It is regulated as a prescription medication in many countries, with varying legal classifications based on the formulation and intended use.

Chemical profile

Chemische Struktur

Chemical structure of Estradiol
FormelC18H24O2
Molekulargewicht272.4g/mol
CAS-Nummer50-28-2
PubChem CID5757
Mechanism

Wirkmechanismus

Estradiol acts on estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ, initiating a cascade of genomic and non-genomic signaling pathways that regulate gene expression and cellular responses. It also engages GPER-mediated pathways, influencing various physiological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, and synaptic plasticity.

Mechanism

Signalweg

Estradiol (E2) primarily exerts its effects through estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ, which activate genomic signaling pathways involving transcriptional regulation of target genes, as well as non-genomic signaling via GPER that can influence cell proliferation and migration. E2 modulates key biological processes such as DNA mismatch repair, cell cycle arrest, and synaptic plasticity, while also impacting the tumor microenvironment and inflammatory responses. The precise mechanisms of E2's dual roles in carcinogenesis and cancer prevention, particularly in colorectal cancer, remain complex and not fully understood, especially under conditions of oxidative stress and the influence of xenoestrogens.

Half-Life & Pharmacokinetics

ENEndogenous

Circulating half-life ~70 minutes

TDTransdermal

Steady-state after 24-48h

POOral

Poor bioavailability due to first-pass metabolism

Different esters of estradiol, such as valerate and cypionate, have varying half-lives when administered intramuscularly.

Storage

Temperature

Store at room temperature (15-30C)

Light

Protect from light

Form

Oil solution stable for 2+ years

Notes

Ensure proper sealing to prevent contamination.

Solubility

Löslichkeit

Estradiol is poorly soluble in water but soluble in ethanol and oils, which is relevant for its formulation in various delivery systems.

Legal Status

🇩🇪DE

Verschreibungspflichtig (prescription only); not listed under BtMG.

🇺🇸US

FDA approved for specific indications; prescription required.

🇦🇺AU

TGA Schedule 4 (prescription only medicine).

🇬🇧UK

Prescription only medicine (POM) under MHRA regulations.

Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.

Open Questions

Offene Forschungsfragen

Current evidence is limited regarding the dual roles of 17β-estradiol (E2) in colorectal cancer, particularly in understanding how its protective effects may be influenced by environmental xenoestrogens and varying physiological conditions across different populations. Further research is needed to elucidate the specific mechanisms by which E2 signaling is altered in the presence of endocrine disruptors, especially in male versus female subjects and across different life stages. Additionally, larger randomized controlled trials are required to assess the long-term effects of E2 on neuroplasticity and cognitive function, particularly in aging populations and those with hormonal imbalances.

197 Research Publications

3,346

Total Citations

31

Human/RCT

1.7

Avg. Influence

2025

Latest

Sort
Filter
#01

Ethinyl estradiol and 17β-estradiol in combined oral contraceptives: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and risk assessment.

ReviewInfluence8.0
195
Researchers observed that 17β-estradiol (E2)-based combined oral contraceptives provide similar efficacy and cycle control compared to ethinyl estradiol (EE) formulations, with potentially fewer health risks.
#02

17β-Estradiol Directly Lowers Mitochondrial Membrane Microviscosity and Improves Bioenergetic Function in Skeletal Muscle.

AnimalInfluence7.0
154
The study demonstrated that 17β-estradiol administration restored mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle of ovariectomized mice by modulating membrane properties and bioenergetics.
#03

Estrogen neuroprotection and the critical period hypothesis.

ReviewInfluence8.0
142
Researchers observed that 17β-estradiol (E2) exerts neuroprotective effects in traumatic brain injury, with a critical period for its beneficial action post-injury.
#04

17β-Estradiol treatment inhibits breast cell proliferation, migration and invasion by decreasing MALAT-1 RNA level.

In VitroInfluence1.0
113
The study demonstrated that 17β-estradiol inhibits breast cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by decreasing MALAT-1 RNA levels in various breast cancer cell lines.
#05

Influence of microplastics occurrence on the adsorption of 17β-estradiol in soil.

In VitroInfluence2.0
101
The study demonstrated that microplastics in soil enhance the adsorption capacity of 17β-estradiol, potentially reducing its mobility in the environment.
#06

Effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) on aqueous organisms and its treatment problem: a review.

Review
91
Researchers observed that traditional wastewater treatment processes inadequately remove 17β-estradiol (E2), necessitating advanced oxidation processes for effective degradation.
#07

Luminescence-Sensing Tb-MOF Nanozyme for the Detection and Degradation of Estrogen Endocrine Disruptors.

In Vitro
89
Researchers observed that the luminescent Tb-MOF nanozyme could detect and degrade 17β-estradiol at concentrations as low as 50 pM, providing a stable and cost-effective alternative to natural enzymes.
#08

Role of 17β-estradiol and testosterone in apoptosis.

Vasconsuelo Andrea, et al. · Steroids · 2011

ReviewInfluence2.0
86
The study demonstrated that 17β-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) protect against apoptosis in various tissues by modulating mitochondrial functions and signaling pathways.

Key findings

  1. 01E2 and T affect growth and cell functions in many organs beyond the reproductive system.
  2. 02Both hormones can activate signaling pathways quickly, influencing cell survival.
  3. 03E2 and T primarily protect mitochondria, contributing to their anti-apoptotic effects.
#09

Membrane association of estrogen receptor alpha and beta influences 17beta-estradiol-mediated cancer cell proliferation.

In VitroInfluence1.0
84
Researchers observed that S-palmitoylation of estrogen receptors influences their membrane localization and distinct signaling pathways in response to 17β-Estradiol.
#10

17β-Estradiol and testosterone in sarcopenia: Role of satellite cells.

ReviewInfluence1.0
70
The study demonstrated that 17β-estradiol and testosterone may regulate satellite cell activation, potentially providing insights for therapeutic strategies against sarcopenia in the elderly.

Clinical Trials (118)

Preclinical
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Approved

118

Total Trials

40,151

Total Enrolled

Angeliq Regulatory Post Marketing Surveillance

NCT01064453COMPLETED
Sponsor

Bayer

Enrollment

4,078

Started

2007

Primary outcome

Adverse event collection

Postmenopausal PeriodOsteoporosis, Postmenopausal

Pharmacokinetic Study of Antiretroviral Drugs and Related Drugs During and After Pregnancy

NCT00042289COMPLETED
Sponsor

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)

Enrollment

1,578

Started

2003

Primary outcome

PK Parameter: Area Under the Curve From 0 to 12 Hours (AUC12) With Median (IQR) for ARVs and TB Drugs

HIV Infections

A RCT Comparing Spontaneous Natural Cycles and Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin-induced Natural Cycles in FET

NCT02197208COMPLETED
Sponsor

The University of Hong Kong

Enrollment

300

Started

2014

Primary outcome

ongoing pregnancy rate

SubfertilityPregnancy

Managing Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) Symptoms

NCT00237042COMPLETED
Sponsor

University of Washington

Enrollment

252

Started

2005

Primary outcome

Characteristic Pain Intensity (Characteristic Intensity of Facial Pain)

Temporomandibular Joint Disorders

Estrogen (Gel)Transdermal vs Oral Estrogen for Endometrial Preparation

NCT05802303TERMINATED
Sponsor

Indira IVF Hospital Pvt Ltd

Enrollment

172

Started

2023

Primary outcome

Endometrial thickness (ET)

Frozen Embryo TransferInfertility, Female

Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) Downregulation Versus Oral Anticonception Prior to ART in Postoperative Endometriosis Patients

NCT02400801COMPLETED
Sponsor

Universitaire Ziekenhuizen KU Leuven

Enrollment

166

Started

2013

Primary outcome

clinical pregnancy rate per initiated ART cycle

EndometriosisInfertility

Comparison of Vascular Findings Between Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Postmenopausal Women Before and During Hormone Therapy (HRT)

NCT00668603COMPLETED
Sponsor

University of Helsinki

Enrollment

160

Started

2005

Primary outcome

Vascular function

Postmenopausal Vasomotor SymptomsCardiovascular Disease

Efficacy of Oral Contraceptive, Progesterone, and Inositol on Menstrual Regulation in PCOS

NCT07242131RECRUITING
Sponsor

Ege University

Enrollment

150

Started

2025

Primary outcome

Restoration of Regular Menstrual Cycles

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Efficacy and Safety of Dingkundan Combined With Combination Oral Contraceptives in the Treatment of PCOS

NCT05872425COMPLETED
Sponsor

Guangdong Women and Children Hospital

Enrollment

120

Started

2023

Primary outcome

Serum androgen

PCOS

Endometrial Preparation in Frozen Embryo Transfer Cycles

Sponsor

Meir Medical Center

Enrollment

100

Started

2018

Primary outcome

clinical pregnancy

Reproductive Behavior

The Efficacy of Estrogen Therapy Against Adhesion Reformation After Hysteroscopic Adhesiolysis

Sponsor

Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital

Enrollment

100

Started

2017

Primary outcome

Incidence of adhesion information

Intrauterine Adhesion

The Effect of the GM-CSF Gel on the Endometrial Thickness in Infertile Women With Thin Endometrium

Sponsor

Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital

Enrollment

96

Started

2019

Primary outcome

the endometrial thickness

Thin Endometrium

Estradiol and Stress Reactivity in Women

Sponsor

International Research Training Group 2804

Enrollment

74

Started

2024

Primary outcome

Associations between elevated E2 concentration and acute stress effects on subjective experience

Stress vs. ControlEstradiol vs. Placebo

Vascular Effect of Estradiol Valerate Versus Placebo Evaluated by Flow-mediated Dilatation of Brachial Artery

NCT02161614COMPLETED
Sponsor

Federal University of Minas Gerais

Enrollment

60

Started

2014

Primary outcome

Flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery

Flow-mediated Dilation Evaluation of the Brachial Artery

Timing Estrogen After MenoPaUSe

NCT01605071COMPLETED
Sponsor

University of Colorado, Denver

Enrollment

53

Started

2011

Primary outcome

Insulin-mediated Glucose Disposal Rate (Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamp)

Insulin Resistance

Effect of Two Different Dosages of Ethinyl-estradiol in Association With Drospirenone in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

NCT01519401COMPLETED
Sponsor

Catholic University of the Sacred Heart

Enrollment

50

Started

2010

Primary outcome

To compare the effects of two EP combinations on endocrine-metabolic parameters in normal weight PCOS women

Polycystic Ovary SyndromeEstro-progestin Drugs

"Effect of CPA/EE Drug on Periodontal Tissue and hsCRP Levels in PCOS Patients With Gingivitis

NCT05657171COMPLETED
Sponsor

Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences Rohtak

Enrollment

47

Started

2022

Primary outcome

Bleeding on probing (BOP)

Periodontal Diseases

Phlebotomy and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

NCT02460445COMPLETED
Sponsor

Manuel Luque Ramírez

Enrollment

37

Started

2015

Primary outcome

Change in the Matsuda index from the circulating glucose and insulin concentrations during and standard oral glucose tolerance test.

HyperandrogenismMetabolic Cardiovascular Syndrome

Metformin+ Drospirenone/ethinylestradiol30µg and Flow-mediated Dilation in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Sponsor

Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy

Enrollment

26

Started

2011

Primary outcome

flow-mediated dilation

Polycystic Ovary SyndromeEndothelial Dysfunction

Assessment of Drug-drug Interactions Between Feminizing Hormone Therapy and Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide Concomitantly for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Transgender Women

NCT04590417ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING
Sponsor

Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre

Enrollment

20

Started

2022

Primary outcome

Changes in plasma estradiol levels

Drug Interaction

Pilot Study Estradiol Followed by Exemestane Hormone Receptor + Metastatic Breast Cancer

NCT01385280COMPLETED
Sponsor

University of Arizona

Enrollment

13

Started

2011

Primary outcome

Number of Participants With Grade 4 Toxicity

Estrogen Receptor-positive Breast CancerProgesterone Receptor Positive TumorRecurrent Breast CancerStage IIIC Breast CancerStage IV Breast Cancer

Fractional CO2 Vaginal LASER Therapy for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection

NCT04301934COMPLETED
Sponsor

Mayo Clinic

Enrollment

12

Started

2020

Primary outcome

Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)

Urinary Tract Infections

Hormone Replacement and Neural Cardiovascular Control in Postmenopausal Women

NCT01633814TERMINATED
Sponsor

University of Missouri-Columbia

Enrollment

4

Started

2011

Primary outcome

Change in Carotid Baroreflex Sensitivity (Bpm/mmHg)

MenopauseAgingBlood Pressure

Trial to Compare the Effects of Tibolone (Livial®) and Continuous Combined Low-Dose Estradiol/Noresterone (Activelle®)

NCT00431093Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

Organon and Co

Enrollment

570

Started

2002

Primary outcome

For the bleeding evaluation, subject will be given a diary card to record the days on which no bleeding, vaginal spotting or bleeding occurs

Menopause

Study of the Use of a Contraceptive Vaginal Ring (NuvaRing) in Normal Daily Practice in Indian Women (P07733)

NCT01490190Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

Organon and Co

Enrollment

252

Started

2011

Primary outcome

Number of Participants With Regular Menstrual Cycles

Contraception

A Study of Prevention and Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Chinese Women

NCT00860964Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

Peking Union Medical College

Enrollment

221

Started

1998

Primary outcome

Bone mineral density

Osteoporosis

Hemocoagulation and Lipoperoxidation in Women Using Combined Oral Contraceptives, Correction by Antioxidants

NCT02027337Phase 4UNKNOWN
Sponsor

Tyumen State Medical Academy

Enrollment

200

Started

2013

Primary outcome

Change from Baseline in Activated recalcification time

Polycystic Ovarian SyndromeHyperandrogenismMenstrual Irregularities

Sex Differences in Myocardial Steatosis Induced Left Ventricular Dysfunction

NCT04671966Phase 4UNKNOWN
Sponsor

The University of Texas at Arlington

Enrollment

100

Started

2018

Primary outcome

Change in left ventricular relaxation rate

Heart DiseasesLeft Ventricular Dysfunction

Cardiometabolic Consequences of the Loss of Ovarian Function

NCT06264882Phase 4RECRUITING
Sponsor

University of Colorado, Denver

Enrollment

100

Started

2024

Primary outcome

Brachial artery flow mediated dilation (FMD)

MenopauseEstrogen DeficiencyAgingAdiposity

Postpartum Vaginal Estrogen for Breastfeeding Patients

NCT05457972Phase 4RECRUITING
Sponsor

University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center

Enrollment

100

Started

2025

Primary outcome

Total Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) score

BreastfeedingPostpartum Sexual DysfunctionVaginal Atrophy

Efficacy of Vaginal 17β-Estradiol on the Urinary Storage Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women

NCT06508944Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

Mahidol University

Enrollment

86

Started

2024

Primary outcome

Storage symptom improvement

Lower Urinary Tract SymptomsFemale Genitourinary DiseaseUrinary Stress IncontinenceUrinary Urge IncontinenceNocturiaQuality of LifeVoiding DisordersVagina AtrophyUrethral AtrophyOveractive BladderOveractive Bladder SyndromeBladder, Overactive

Pretreatment With Estradiol Valerate

NCT01218386Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel

Enrollment

80

Started

2010

Primary outcome

number of egg retrievals on weekend days

Infertility

Medical Therapy Versus Radiofrequency Endometrial Ablation in the Initial Treatment of Menorrhagia

NCT01165307Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

Abimbola Famuyide

Enrollment

77

Started

2009

Primary outcome

Menstrual Blood Loss (MBL) as Measured by Pictorial Blood Loss Assessment Chart (PBLAC).

Menorrhagia

Vaginal Estrogen for Asymptomatic Microscopic Hematuria

NCT03033160Phase 4UNKNOWN
Sponsor

Boston Urogynecology Associates

Enrollment

68

Started

2016

Primary outcome

Comparison of microscopic hematuria (RBC's) at 12 weeks compared to baseline measurement

Asymptomatic Microscopic Hematuria

Insulin Resistance, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, and Bone Research Study

NCT00640224Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

Silva Arslanian

Enrollment

65

Started

2005

Primary outcome

Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity at Baseline and 6 Months.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Bioenergetic Effects of Aging and Menopause (BEAM)

NCT04043520Phase 4RECRUITING
Sponsor

University of Colorado, Denver

Enrollment

57

Started

2019

Primary outcome

Change in the Microdialysis Cortisone Challenge (MCC) Index

MenopauseObesity, AbdominalAgingWeight Gain

Efficacy and Tolerability of Angeliq in Thai Women

NCT00185328Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

Bayer

Enrollment

55

Started

2005

Primary outcome

The relative change in the frequency of hot flushes

Postmenopause

Estrogen Dosing in Turner Syndrome: Pharmacology and Metabolism

NCT00837616Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

Nemours Children's Clinic

Enrollment

41

Started

2009

Primary outcome

Change in Weight From Baseline at 12 Months

Turner SyndromeHypogonadismPremature Ovarian Failure

Human Ovarian Follicular Dynamics and Emergency Contraception

NCT00204451Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

University of Saskatchewan

Enrollment

40

Started

2005

Primary outcome

follicle development

Contraception

Impact of Combined Hormonal Contraceptives on UPA

NCT02577601Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

Oregon Health and Science University

Enrollment

36

Started

2015

Primary outcome

Number of Participants With Follicle Rupture

Contraception

Vaginal Estrogen for the Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection in Postmenopausal Women

NCT01958073Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

University of California, San Diego

Enrollment

35

Started

2013

Primary outcome

Occurrence of UTI During Randomization

Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection

Sex Steroids and the Serotonin Transporter

NCT01065220Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

Medical University of Vienna

Enrollment

32

Started

2010

Primary outcome

change in serotonin-transporter binding potential (BP) in predefined brain regions, measured by Positron Emission Tomography

Transsexualism

Effect of Estradiol+Drospirenone Versus Estradiol+MPA on Endothelial Function

NCT01109979Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

Brigham and Women's Hospital

Enrollment

24

Started

2009

Primary outcome

Brachial Artery Reactivity % Flow Mediated Dilation (BAR %FMD)

Cardiovascular Diseases

Prostate Adenocarcinoma TransCutaneous Hormones

NCT00303784Phase 3UNKNOWN
Sponsor

University College, London

Enrollment

2,200

Started

2006

Primary outcome

Progression-Free Survival

AnemiaCardiovascular ComplicationsHot FlashesOsteoporosisProstate Cancer

Efficacy and Safety of Etonogestrel + 17β-Estradiol Vaginal Ring and Levonorgestrel-Ethinyl Estradiol Combined Oral Contraceptive in Adult Women at Risk for Pregnancy (MK-8342B-062)

NCT02616146Phase 3TERMINATED
Sponsor

Organon and Co

Enrollment

2,016

Started

2015

Primary outcome

Number of In-Treatment Pregnancies Per 100 Woman-Years of Exposure in Participants 18-35 Years of Age (Pearl Index)

Contraception

Efficacy and Safety of Etonogestrel + 17β-Estradiol Vaginal Ring in Women at Risk for Pregnancy (MK-8342B-061)

NCT02524288Phase 3TERMINATED
Sponsor

Organon and Co

Enrollment

1,941

Started

2015

Primary outcome

Number of In-Treatment Pregnancies Per 100 Woman-Years of Exposure in Participants 18-35 Years of Age (Pearl Index)

Contraception

Efficacy and Safety of Two Flexible Extended Regimens of BAY86-5300 (SH T00186D) in Comparison With the Conventional Regimen of YAZ

NCT00567164Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Bayer

Enrollment

1,887

Started

2007

Primary outcome

Pearl Index

ContraceptionOvulation InhibitionContraceptives, Oral

Study of Safety and Efficacy of an Oral Contraceptive

NCT00477633Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Warner Chilcott

Enrollment

1,700

Started

2007

Primary outcome

Pearl Index, 18-35 Years, MITT Population

Contraception

EU/LA Pearl Index Study - Transdermal Contraceptive Patch

NCT00914693Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Bayer

Enrollment

1,694

Started

2009

Primary outcome

Occurrence of pregnancy

Contraception

Evaluation of the Contraceptive Efficacy and Safety of a New Concentration of an Antiandrogenic Progestogen Combined With a Reduced-Dose Estrogen (LUNA)

NCT07714616Phase 3NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Sponsor

Eurofarma Laboratorios S.A.

Enrollment

1,600

Started

2027

Primary outcome

Contraceptive Efficacy Assessed by Pearl Index in Participants Aged ≤35 Years

Contraception

A Study of Efficacy and Safety With the Transdermal Contraceptive System Versus Mercilon.

NCT00236782Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.

Enrollment

1,517

Started

1997

Primary outcome

Contraceptive efficacy of the 2 treatments was estimated by determination of pregnancy rates, using the Pearl Index and life table analysis (cumulative probability of pregnancy). Safety was evaluated throughout the study.

Contraception

Hormone Replacement Therapy and the Risk of Breast Cancer Recurrence in Women With Previous Early Stage Breast Cancer

NCT00003771Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Regional Oncologic Center

Enrollment

1,300

Started

1997

Breast CancerMenopausal Symptoms

Study of the Safety, Efficacy and Cycle Control of a Contraceptive Vaginal Ring

NCT00455156Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Premier Research

Enrollment

1,200

Started

2006

Primary outcome

Contraceptive Efficacy Using the Pearl Index for All Subjects

Contraception

A Multicenter, Non-Comparative Trial on the Contraceptive Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of LPRI-424, 13 Cycles

NCT03945513Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Insud Pharma

Enrollment

1,034

Started

2019

Primary outcome

Number of pregnancies (evaluable cycles)

Contraception

Study Evaluating Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol for Oral Contraception

NCT02021097Phase 3UNKNOWN
Sponsor

Regenex Pharmaceutical, China

Enrollment

1,008

Started

2012

Primary outcome

The primary efficacy variable is the number of unintended pregnancies as measured by the Pearl Index (PI) during 13 cycles of treatment

Oral Contraceptive

Study of Safety and Efficacy of an Oral Contraceptive

NCT00932321Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Warner Chilcott

Enrollment

938

Started

2004

Primary outcome

Pregnancy Rate (Expressed as Pearl Index) for Women 18 to 45 Years Old, MITT Population

Prevention of Pregnancy

SPIRIT EXTENSION: Efficacy and Safety Extension Study of Relugolix in Women With Endometriosis-Associated Pain

NCT03654274Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Myovant Sciences GmbH

Enrollment

802

Started

2018

Primary outcome

Percentage Of Participants Who Meet The Dysmenorrhea Responder Criteria At Week 52

Endometriosis

Effect of Angeliq on Blood Pressure (BP) in Postmenopausal Hypertensive Women

NCT00102141Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Bayer

Enrollment

750

Started

2004

Primary outcome

Mean change in systolic office blood pressure measured at through

HypertensionPostmenopause

Low-dose Hormone Therapy for Relief of Vasomotor Symptoms

NCT00446199Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Bayer

Enrollment

735

Started

2007

Primary outcome

Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Weekly Frequency of Moderate to Severe Hot Flushes (Median Value)

Vasomotor SymptomsHot Flashes

A Clinical Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Elagolix in Participants With Moderate to Severe Endometriosis-Associated Pain

NCT03213457Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

AbbVie

Enrollment

681

Started

2017

Primary outcome

Co-Primary Endpoint: Percentage of Participants With a Response for Dysmenorrhea (DYS) at Months 6 and 12 Based on Daily Assessment

Endometriosis

Comparative Trial in Hormone Withdrawal Associated Symptoms

NCT01076582Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Bayer

Enrollment

592

Started

2010

Primary outcome

Change from baseline to cycle 4 in the sum of composite score during cycle days 22 - 28. The composite score comprises headache, pelvic pain and bloating (each measured by 7-point Likert scales).

Oral Contraceptive

Multicenter Study to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of WC3011 (Estradiol Vaginal Cream) in Postmenopausal Women

NCT01816139Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Warner Chilcott

Enrollment

576

Started

2013

Primary outcome

Change From Baseline in Participant's Self-Assessment of Severity of Vaginal Dryness to Final Assessment

Vulvovaginal Atrophy

Study to Evaluate the Equivalence of Estradiol Vaginal Cream to Reference Standard in the Treatment of Vaginal Atrophy

NCT03332303Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Prasco LLC

Enrollment

540

Started

2017

Primary outcome

The Primary Efficacy Endpoint

Vulvar and Vaginal Atrophy

Study Evaluating Combination of Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol in Pre-Menstrual Dysphoric Disorder

NCT00195559Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Wyeth is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Pfizer

Enrollment

526

Started

2005

Primary outcome

Mean change in average Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP) 21-item total daily score

Premenstrual SyndromeMenstruation Disturbances

Oral Contraceptive Pill Compared With Vitamin E in Women With Migraine

NCT04007874Phase 3UNKNOWN
Sponsor

Leiden University Medical Center

Enrollment

360

Started

2019

Primary outcome

Number of migraine days

MigraineMigraine;Menstrual

Efficacy and Safety of 17-Beta Estradiol in Treatment of Atrophic Vaginitis

NCT00465192Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

230

Started

1994

Primary outcome

Relief of vaginal symptoms

MenopausePostmenopausal Vaginal Atrophy

Efficacy and Safety Study for the Treatment of Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding

NCT00293059Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Bayer

Enrollment

190

Started

2005

Primary outcome

Proportion of Participants With no Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (DUB) Symptoms

Metrorrhagia

Luteal Phase Support With Estradiol In Poor Responders Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization

NCT03788681Phase 3UNKNOWN
Sponsor

Ain Shams University

Enrollment

170

Started

2018

Primary outcome

live birth rate

ICSI

Treatment of Hot Flushes in Asian Women With Ultra-low Dose Estradiol Patch

NCT00185237Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Bayer

Enrollment

165

Started

2005

Primary outcome

Relative change in frequency of hot flushes

Hot Flashes

Evaluation of the Acceptability and Efficacy of 10 Micrograms of Estradiol Vaginal Tablets vs Promestriene Vaginal Cream

NCT04232813Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Instituto Palacios

Enrollment

120

Started

2020

Primary outcome

Vulvovaginal Symptoms

Vulvovaginal Atrophy

Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of 17-Beta Estradiol in Treatment of Atrophic Vaginitis: An Extension Trial

NCT00464971Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

102

Started

1995

Primary outcome

Relief of vaginal symptoms

MenopausePostmenopausal Vaginal Atrophy

Treatment of Vasomotor Symptoms in Korean Post Menopausal Women

NCT00651599Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Bayer

Enrollment

90

Started

2004

Primary outcome

Hot flush (frequency and severity)

Vasomotor Symptoms

Prevention of Obesity in Women Via Estradiol Regulation

NCT00687739Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

University of Colorado, Denver

Enrollment

79

Started

2008

Primary outcome

Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)

Obesity

Ovulation Incidence in Oral Contraceptive Users

NCT03106454Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

University of Southern California

Enrollment

58

Started

2014

Primary outcome

Ovulation

ContraceptionOvulation

Topical Estrogen: Brief Intervention to Improve Postoperative Experience for Transgender Men Undergoing Hysterectomy

NCT06969326Phase 3RECRUITING
Sponsor

Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island

Enrollment

48

Started

2025

Primary outcome

Evaluate the efficacy of one-time topical estrogen application for reducing postoperative health system contacts for vaginal bleeding in the first two weeks post hysterectomy.

Postoperative BleedingGender DysphoriaHysterectomy

A Study to Evaluate Suppression of the Pituitary-Ovarian Axis With Three Different Oral Contraceptive Regimens

NCT00117273Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Duramed Research

Enrollment

36

Started

2005

Primary outcome

Compare differences in hormone patterns (follicle stimulating hormone [FSH], luteinizing hormone [LH], inhibin-B, and estradiol)

Healthy

Oestradiol Supplementation in Luteal Long Agonist Fresh In Vitro Fertilization/Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection ( IVF/ICSI) Cycle .

NCT03832894Phase 3UNKNOWN
Sponsor

Cairo University

Enrollment

2

Started

2018

Primary outcome

Implantation rate

Infertility

Treatment of Menstrual Migraine With Sequential, Transdermal, 17-Beta-Estradiol. A Double-Blind, Randomised, Cross-Over Trial.

NCT00204074Phase 2/3UNKNOWN
Sponsor

University Hospital, Linkoeping

Started

2001

Primary outcome

Number of migraine attacks

Migraine

Cycle Control and Safety of E2-DRSP

NCT00653614Phase 2COMPLETED
Sponsor

Bayer

Enrollment

635

Started

2008

Primary outcome

Number of intracyclic bleeding episodes during cycles 2 to 7

Contraceptive, Oral, Hormonal

Safety and Efficacy in Premenopausal Women With Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (HMB) Associated With Uterine Fibroids (UF)

NCT01817530Phase 2COMPLETED
Sponsor

AbbVie

Enrollment

571

Started

2013

Primary outcome

Percentage of Participants With a Menstrual Blood Loss (MBL) Volume of < 80 mL at the Final Month and a ≥ 50% Reduction in MBL Volume From Baseline to the Final Month

Heavy Uterine BleedingUterine Fibroids

Cycle Control Assessment of a Combined Oral Contraceptive Containing Estetrol and a Progestin P1 or P2

NCT01221831Phase 2COMPLETED
Sponsor

Estetra

Enrollment

396

Started

2010

Primary outcome

Recording of vaginal bleeding events (diary) as a measure of Cycle control

Contraception

Study of Bleeding With Extended Administration of an Oral Contraceptive

NCT00338052Phase 2COMPLETED
Sponsor

Warner Chilcott

Enrollment

207

Started

2006

Primary outcome

Number of bleeding/spotting days/episodes per treatment cycle

Contraception

Periurethral vs Intravaginal Estrogen for Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections

NCT05472779Phase 2COMPLETED
Sponsor

Stephanie Wang Zuo

Enrollment

114

Started

2023

Primary outcome

Percentage of participants who are UTI-free at 6 months

Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection

A Study to Evaluate Inhibition of Ovulation of Two Oral Estrogen/Progestogen Regimens in Healthy, Young Females Over a Period of 3 Treatment Cycles

NCT00631124Phase 2COMPLETED
Sponsor

Bayer

Enrollment

103

Started

2008

Primary outcome

The primary efficacy variable will be the proportion of volunteers with ovulation in at least one of the treatment cycles 2 and 3, based on the binary variable ovulation (i.e. Hoogland score 6) with the levels yes and no

Contraception

Estrogen Receptor Beta and Mood

NCT03689543Phase 2COMPLETED
Sponsor

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

Enrollment

74

Started

2019

Primary outcome

Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) Scale Mean Total Score

Perimenopause-Related Depression

Analysis of the Hormonal Implant and Transdermal Estradiol Gel in Climacteric Women

NCT07754630Phase 2ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING
Sponsor

Nutrindo Ideais Research Center

Enrollment

50

Started

2025

Primary outcome

hormonal implant and PENTRAVAN transdermal gel pharmacokinetics

MenopauseHypoestrogenismHormonal Therapy

TXV13-01 Estradiol Vaginal Softgel Capsules in Treating Postmenopausal Women With Symptoms of Vulvar and Vaginal Atrophy

NCT02449902Phase 2COMPLETED
Sponsor

TherapeuticsMD

Enrollment

50

Started

2013

Primary outcome

Analysis of Change From Baseline to Day 15 in Maturation Index of the Vaginal Cell Type (Parabasal Cells)

MenopauseVulvovaginal AtrophyPainful IntercourseDyspareunia

Phase II Randomized Study of Leuprolide Vs Oral Contraceptive Therapy Vs Leuprolide and Oral Contraceptive Therapy for Ovarian Hyperandrogenism

NCT00004763Phase 2COMPLETED
Sponsor

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR)

Enrollment

45

Started

1993

Hyperandrogenism

Paclitaxel Poliglumex and Estradiol in Treating Patients With Stage IV Prostate Cancer

NCT00459810Phase 2TERMINATED
Sponsor

OHSU Knight Cancer Institute

Enrollment

21

Started

2007

Primary outcome

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Response Rate: Number of Subjects With Decreases in PSA of at Least 50%

Prostate Cancer

Transdermal Estrogen in Older Premenopausal Women With Anorexia Nervosa

NCT02475265Phase 2COMPLETED
Sponsor

Massachusetts General Hospital

Enrollment

11

Started

2015

Primary outcome

Percent Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of Lumbar Spine by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)

Anorexia NervosaOsteoporosis

Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Perimenstrual Estrogen Effects on Suicidality

NCT06191289Phase 2TERMINATED
Sponsor

University of Illinois at Chicago

Enrollment

11

Started

2024

Primary outcome

Early-Luteal-to-Perimenstrual Worsening of Daily Passive Suicidal Ideation (PSI)

Suicide

Binge Eating & Birth Control

NCT04278755Phase 2TERMINATED
Sponsor

University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

Enrollment

8

Started

2020

Primary outcome

Change From Pre-intervention to Intervention Endpoint in Weekly Average Binge-eating Frequency

Bulimia NervosaBinge EatingEating DisordersBinge-Eating Disorder

Treatment of Menstrually Related Disorders With Continuous v. Interrupted Oral Contraceptives

NCT00089414Phase 2TERMINATED
Sponsor

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

Enrollment

5

Started

2004

Primary outcome

Change in Premenstrual Tension Syndrome Scale (PMTS) Factors Associated With Premenstrual Symptoms.

Premenstrual SyndromePMSPremenstrual Dysphoric DisorderPMDDDepression

Maternal Mental Health Trial

NCT04685148Phase 1/2RECRUITING
Sponsor

Vibe G Frøkjær, MD, PhD

Enrollment

220

Started

2021

Primary outcome

Number of participants with Major Depression Disorder

Major Depressive DisorderPostpartum Depression

Study on the Effect of Combined Estrogen and Progestogen Therapy on Endometrial Repair After Induced Abortion

NCT06546397Phase 1UNKNOWN
Sponsor

Women's Hospital School Of Medicine Zhejiang University

Enrollment

200

Started

2024

Primary outcome

The thickness of the endometrium

Pregnancy Complications

Impact of Estrogen on Fear Extinction R61

NCT02673606Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

NYU Langone Health

Enrollment

136

Started

2013

Primary outcome

Impact of exogenous administration of estradiol on the neural correlates of fear extinction

FearFear; Examination, Phobic

A Drug Interaction Study of Folic Acid and Oral Contraceptive Tablets Containing Norgestimate (NGM)/Ethinyl Estradiol (EE) in Healthy Women.

NCT00709332Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.

Enrollment

47

Started

2005

Primary outcome

Evaluate the pharmacokinetic drug interaction between folic acid and OC (250 mcg NGM and 35 mcg EE) as measured by the pharmacokinetics of the active breakdown products of NGM, (norelgestromin [NGMN], and norgestrel [NG]) and EE.

Drug InteractionsContraceptionPharmacokinetics

A Research Study Looking at How the Compound NNC0487-0111 Works With Birth Control Pills and Affects Emptying of the Stomach in Women Not Able to Become Pregnant

NCT06461039Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

43

Started

2024

Primary outcome

The area under the ethinylestradiol plasma concentration time curve at steady state

Obesity

Bioavailability of Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol Tablets 15.0 mg/0.03 mg With Regards to Reference Product

NCT05282940Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

Laboratorios Andromaco S.A.

Enrollment

36

Started

2022

Primary outcome

Total Ethinyl estradiol: area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 72 hours (AUC0-72)

Therapeutic Equivalency

Drospirenone (3 mg) + Ethinyl Estradiol (0.02 mg) Tablets Relative to Yaz®

NCT06233071Phase 1UNKNOWN
Sponsor

Bio-innova Co., Ltd

Enrollment

32

Started

2024

Primary outcome

Area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the last measurable concentration (AUC 0-t)

Healthy Subjects

Study Comparing Two Manufacturing Processes for Levonorgestrel 90 mg/Ethinyl Estradiol 20 mg (LNG/EE) in Healthy, Cycling Women

NCT00319163Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

Wyeth is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Pfizer

Enrollment

26

Started

2006

Primary outcome

Pharmacokinetic sampling over the course of 4 days following two different formulations of the same compound

Healthy

A Trial to Assess the Pharmacokinetic Profile (e.g., Uptake, Distribution and Excretion of a Substance in the Body) of Nomegestrol Acetate (NOMAC), Estradiol (E2) and Estrone (E1) After Multiple and Single Dose Administration of the Combined Oral Contraception NOMAC-E2 (COMPLETED)(P05822)

NCT00711607Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

Organon and Co

Enrollment

25

Started

2007

Primary outcome

Plasma concentrations of NOMAC and serum concentrations of E2 and E1 measured at several time points before, during and after multiple dose and after single dose administration to determine pharmacokinetics

Healthy

An Ethno-bridging Study of Pergoveris in Healthy Premenopausal Participants of Japanese or Caucasian Origin

NCT07269327Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany

Enrollment

24

Started

2025

Primary outcome

Baseline-Adjusted Area Under the Serum Concentration- Time Curve from Time Zero to Last Quantifiable Sampling Time After Administration (AUC0-tlast,adj) for both r-hFSH and r-hLH

Fertility

Evaluate the Effect of Vimseltinib on Pharmacokinetics of Combined Oral Contraceptive (Ethinyl Estradiol/Levonorgestrel)

NCT07539090Phase 1RECRUITING
Sponsor

Deciphera Pharmaceuticals, LLC

Enrollment

24

Started

2026

Primary outcome

Pharmacokinetics (PK): Maximum Observed Plasma Drug Concentration (Cmax) of EE and LNG

Healthy Participants

A Study to Evaluate the Drug Interaction Between Povorcitinib and the Oral Contraceptive Levonorgestrel/Ethinyl Estradiol in Healthy Adult Females

NCT06380205Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

Incyte Corporation

Enrollment

24

Started

2024

Primary outcome

Levonorgestrel (LNG) concentration in plasma

Healthy Participants

Atazanavir and Ritonavir (ATV/RTV) and an Oral Contraceptive in Healthy Females

NCT00357604Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

Bristol-Myers Squibb

Enrollment

22

Started

2006

Primary outcome

To determine the effect of co-administration of atazanavir 300 mg and ritonavir 100 mg on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol

HIV Infections

Drug-drug Interaction Study of CTP-543 and Oral Contraceptives in Healthy Female Subjects

NCT04309643Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

Concert Pharmaceuticals

Enrollment

21

Started

2020

Primary outcome

AUC0-t

Healthy Volunteers

Evaluate the Effect of VI-0521 on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Contraceptive in Healthy Female Subjects

NCT00821496Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

VIVUS LLC

Enrollment

20

Started

2009

Primary outcome

PK of the Oral contraceptive agent

Healthy

A Study of Milvexian in Healthy Adult Females

NCT05706753Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Belgium

Enrollment

20

Started

2023

Primary outcome

Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Midazolam and 1-hydroxymidzolam

Healthy Female

A Study of ABBV-295 Subcutaneous Injections to Assess Pharmacokinetics and Adverse Events in Healthy Adult Women Participants With Overweight or Obesity Taking Oral Contraceptives

NCT07414784Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

AbbVie

Enrollment

20

Started

2026

Primary outcome

Number of Participants with Adverse Events (AEs)

Healthy Volunteer

Drug Interaction Study of an OCP (Norethindrone (ND) Acetate and Ethinyl Estradiol (EE))With a Combination of Daclatasvir (DCV) Asunaprevir (ASV) and BMS-791325

NCT02103569Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

Bristol-Myers Squibb

Enrollment

20

Started

2014

Primary outcome

Area under the concentration versus time curve in 1 dosing interval (AUC (TAU)) of Ethinyl Estradiol and Norethindrone

Hepatitis C

Effects of Acute Estrogen Therapy on Bone Formation

NCT02349113Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

Mayo Clinic

Enrollment

20

Started

2012

Primary outcome

Gene expression (RNAseq analysis of gene expression from needle bone biopsies)

Bone Loss, Age-related

A Study in Healthy Female Participants to Investigate the Effect of JNJ-56136379 at Steady-state on the Single-dose Pharmacokinetics of Ethinylestradiol and Drospirenone (Oral Contraceptive) and on the Single-dose Pharmacokinetics of Midazolam (Probe Substrate for Cytochrome P450 3A4)

NCT03111511Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

Janssen Sciences Ireland UC

Enrollment

18

Started

2017

Primary outcome

Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration of Drospirenone (Cmax)

Healthy

A Study to Determine the Effects of PF-04965842 on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Contraceptive Steroids in Healthy Female Subjects

NCT03662516Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

Pfizer

Enrollment

17

Started

2018

Primary outcome

AUCinf for EE

Healthy Females

Bioavailability of Dienogest and Ethinyl Estradiol Tablets 2.0 mg/0.03 mg With Regards to Reference Product

NCT04193852Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

Laboratorios Andromaco S.A.

Enrollment

10

Started

2019

Primary outcome

Total Ethinyl estradiol: area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 72 hours (AUC0-72) ]

Bioequivalence

2-Methoxyestradiol in Treating Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors

NCT00030095Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

National Cancer Institute (NCI)

Started

2001

Unspecified Adult Solid Tumor, Protocol Specific

Estrogen Deficiency on Cardiovascular Risk

NCT06369363Early Phase 1NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Sponsor

Milton S. Hershey Medical Center

Enrollment

20

Started

2026

Primary outcome

Red blood cell flux

Postmenopausal SymptomsCardiovascular Diseases

Vaginal Estradiol Use in Pessary Care

NCT05458375Early Phase 1TERMINATED
Sponsor

University of South Florida

Enrollment

11

Started

2022

Primary outcome

Pessary Discontinuation Rates

Pelvic Organ ProlapseUrinary IncontinencePessary Ulcer of VaginaVaginal Atrophy

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