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Human Growth Hormone

HGH · Somatropin · rHGH · Genotropin

Pituitary & Trophic HormonesApproved
MW
285.26g/mol
Formula
C13H11N5O3

Human Growth Hormone (hGH), a peptide hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland, plays a crucial role in growth, metabolism, and body composition. Researchers primarily study hGH for its implications in growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and related disorders. Key findings from recent studies indicate that long-acting formulations, such as lonapegsomatropin, demonstrate superior efficacy in height velocity compared to traditional daily somatropin injections, while maintaining similar safety profiles. Additionally, clinical evidence suggests that pegvisomant, a modified form of hGH, effectively inhibits receptor activation in conditions like acromegaly. Current research continues to explore innovative delivery methods and formulations, highlighting the hormone's significant clinical relevance in pediatric and adult populations.

Overview

Übersicht

Human Growth Hormone (HGH), also known as somatropin or recombinant HGH (rHGH), is a peptide hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. It is a member of the pituitary and trophic hormones category and is synthesized as a single-chain polypeptide consisting of 191 amino acids. Synthetic forms of HGH, such as somatropin, are used clinically to treat growth hormone deficiencies. Researchers have extensively studied the chemical structure and modifications of HGH, including synthetic peptide fragments and bacterially synthesized variants. The primary physiological role of HGH is to stimulate growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration in humans. It is crucial for normal physical development in children and plays a role in adult metabolism, muscle and bone growth, and the regulation of body composition. Research areas include its use in treating growth hormone deficiencies and conditions like acromegaly. HGH exerts its effects by binding to the growth hormone receptor (GHR), which activates the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, leading to the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a key mediator of growth-promoting effects. The pharmacokinetic properties of HGH vary based on its form. Endogenous HGH has a circulating half-life of approximately 20-30 minutes, while synthetic forms like lonapegsomatropin, a long-acting prodrug, have an extended half-life allowing for once-weekly administration. Metabolism primarily occurs in the liver and kidneys. Clinically, HGH is used to treat growth hormone deficiencies in both pediatric and adult patients. Regulatory approvals vary, with synthetic forms like lonapegsomatropin receiving FDA approval in the USA for pediatric use. Researchers have observed that long-acting formulations improve adherence and treatment outcomes compared to daily injections.

Chemical profile

Chemische Struktur

Chemical structure of Human Growth Hormone
FormelC13H11N5O3
Molekulargewicht285.26g/mol
PubChem CID137552069
Mechanism

Wirkmechanismus

Human Growth Hormone acts on the growth hormone receptor (GHR), initiating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. This activation leads to the production of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which mediates the growth-promoting effects of HGH on tissues such as bone and muscle.

Mechanism

Signalweg

Human growth hormone (hGH) primarily exerts its effects by binding to the growth hormone receptor (GHR) on target cells, activating the JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway, which leads to transcriptional regulation of growth-promoting genes. This activation stimulates processes such as protein synthesis, lipolysis, and the proliferation of chondrocytes, ultimately promoting linear growth and metabolic regulation. While the core mechanism is well understood, additional complexities in the signaling pathways and interactions with other hormones may not be fully elucidated.

Half-Life & Pharmacokinetics

ENEndogenous

Circulating half-life ~20-30 minutes

SCSubcutaneous

~8 days for long-acting forms like lonapegsomatropin

IVIntravenous

~10-20 minutes

POOral

Poor bioavailability due to first-pass metabolism

Long-acting formulations like lonapegsomatropin extend the half-life, allowing for weekly dosing.

Storage

Temperature

Refrigerate at 2-8C

Light

Protect from light

Form

Aqueous solution: use within 28 days after opening

Notes

Do not freeze; discard if frozen.

Solubility

Löslichkeit

HGH is soluble in water, forming an aqueous solution suitable for injection.

Legal Status

🇩🇪DE

Verschreibungspflichtig (prescription only); not listed under BtMG.

🇺🇸US

FDA approved for specific indications; prescription required.

🇦🇺AU

TGA Schedule 4 (S4) prescription only medicine.

🇬🇧UK

Prescription only medicine (POM) under MHRA.

Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.

Open Questions

Offene Forschungsfragen

Current evidence is limited regarding the long-term safety and efficacy of lonapegsomatropin compared to daily somatropin, particularly in diverse populations beyond the pediatric demographic, necessitating larger randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that include various age groups and comorbidities. Additionally, further research is needed to explore the physiological impacts of ectopic human growth hormone expression in transgenic models, as well as the potential long-term effects of pegvisomant on GH receptor signaling in patients with acromegaly. There is also a need for studies investigating the adherence rates and psychological impacts of switching from daily to weekly hGH administration in children and adults.

132 Research Publications

3,475

Total Citations

69

Human/RCT

2.4

Avg. Influence

2025

Latest

Sort
Filter
#01

Receptor and antibody epitopes in human growth hormone identified by homolog-scanning mutagenesis.

In VitroInfluence8.0
303
The study demonstrated that homolog-scanning mutagenesis identified specific epitopes on human growth hormone for receptor binding and antibody recognition.
#02

Glucocorticoids enhance stability of human growth hormone mRNA.

In Vitro
246
The study demonstrated that glucocorticoids enhance the stability of human growth hormone mRNA, contributing to its increased expression in transformed mouse fibroblasts.
#03

Dimerization of human growth hormone by zinc.

In VitroInfluence10.0
234
The study demonstrated that zinc ions induced the dimerization of human growth hormone, enhancing its stability against denaturation.
#04

Transdermal delivery of human growth hormone through RF-microchannels.

AnimalInfluence3.0
135
The study demonstrated that transdermal delivery of human growth hormone through radio-frequency microchannels resulted in high bioavailability and bioactivity in rats and guinea pigs.
#05

Structural variants of human growth hormone: biochemical, genetic, and clinical aspects.

ReviewInfluence2.0
118
Researchers observed that structural variants of human growth hormone exhibit different metabolic effects and receptor binding capabilities, with implications for growth failure due to genetic alterations.
#06

Periplasmic production via the pET expression system of soluble, bioactive human growth hormone.

In VitroInfluence3.0
102
The study demonstrated that a pET expression system successfully produced soluble, bioactive human growth hormone in E. coli, enabling efficient purification and high-affinity receptor binding.
#07

Metabolic effects of human growth hormone in corticosteroid-treated children.

Case Report
100
The study demonstrated that corticosteroid-treated children exhibited impaired growth hormone response, indicating corticosteroid antagonism of human growth hormone effects at the peripheral tissue level.
#08

Human growth hormone: a new substance of abuse among adolescents?

Case ReportInfluence1.0
98
Researchers observed that approximately 5% of surveyed male adolescents reported using human growth hormone, often in conjunction with anabolic steroids, with many unaware of its side effects.
#09

Effects of human growth hormone therapy on melanocytic naevi.

Human
95
The study demonstrated that human growth hormone therapy significantly accelerates the growth of melanocytic naevi in treated patients compared to untreated controls, with reversible stimulation of naevocytes.
#10

Engineering human prolactin to bind to the human growth hormone receptor.

HumanInfluence3.0
94
The study demonstrated that iterative mutagenesis can successfully impart human growth hormone receptor-binding properties to human prolactin, enhancing its binding affinity significantly.

Clinical Trials (109)

Preclinical
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Approved

109

Total Trials

65,107

Total Enrolled

Observational Study of Somatropin Treatment in Children

NCT01088412COMPLETED
Sponsor

Eli Lilly and Company

Enrollment

22,845

Started

1999

Primary outcome

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in GH-treated Participants

Growth Hormone (GH) DeficiencyShort Stature Homeobox Containing Gene (SHOX) DeficiencySHOX Deficiency-related DisorderNon-GH-deficient Growth Disorders

Observational Prospective Study on Patients Treated With Norditropin®

NCT00960128COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

21,249

Started

2006

Primary outcome

Effect of Norditropin® treatment on height gain (change in height) in children

Growth Hormone DisorderGrowth Hormone Deficiency in ChildrenAdult Growth Hormone DeficiencyGenetic DisorderTurner SyndromeFoetal Growth ProblemSmall for Gestational AgeChronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Renal InsufficiencyNoonan Syndrome

Safety and Efficacy of Long-term Somatropin Treatment in Children

NCT01543867COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

5,442

Started

2001

Primary outcome

Number of adverse events

Growth Hormone DisorderGrowth Hormone Deficiency in ChildrenFoetal Growth ProblemSmall for Gestational AgeGenetic DisorderTurner SyndromeGrowth DisorderIdiopathic Short Stature

The Efficacy and Safety of PEGylated GH for the Treatment of Short Stature in Chinese Children-GLOBE Reg

NCT06037473RECRUITING
Sponsor

Beijing Children's Hospital

Enrollment

2,600

Started

2023

Primary outcome

the change in height standard deviation score

Growth Hormone TreatmentGrowth Disorders

Long Term Use of Somatropin in Patients Small for Gestational Age

NCT00793325COMPLETED
Sponsor

Pfizer

Enrollment

920

Started

2009

Primary outcome

Number of Participants With Treatment Related Adverse Events.

Small for Gestational Age

Influence of Adherence to Growth Hormone Therapy (GHT) With Norditropin® on Near Final Height in Patients With Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD) and Born Small for Gestational Age (SGA)

NCT03972345ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

750

Started

2019

Primary outcome

Near final height (NFH) standard deviation score (SDS) measured in scores

Growth Hormone Deficiency in ChildrenBorn Small for Gestational Age

Special Investigation Of Genotropin Long Follow-Up For Patients With A Small For Gestational Age "Scoped for Japanese"

NCT01897766COMPLETED
Sponsor

Pfizer

Enrollment

482

Started

2013

Primary outcome

Number of Participants With Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)

Small for Gestational Age (SGA)

French National Registry of Children Born Small for Gestational Age Treated With Somatropin

NCT01578135COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

291

Started

2007

Primary outcome

Growth in height

Growth DisorderSmall for Gestational Age

The Dosage Exploration Study of PEG-rhGH for Treating Short Stature in Prepubertal and Pubertal Children

NCT06768411NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Sponsor

Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University

Enrollment

240

Started

2025

Primary outcome

height growth rate

Short Stature

A Pharmaco-epidemiological Study of Short Patients Born Small for Gestational Age (SGA), Treated With Saizen® (Recombinant Somatropin)

NCT01082354COMPLETED
Sponsor

Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany

Enrollment

150

Started

2009

Primary outcome

Auxological characteristics (height and weight, head circumference, growth curve used, bone age) and Clinical examination (cardiac frequency, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, Tanner pubertal stage)

Infant, Small for Gestational Age

An Observational Study Validating a Score That Quantifies the Therapeutic Response to Treatment With Norditropin®

NCT00934063COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

121

Started

2009

Primary outcome

Improvement of an integrated score which consists of Quality of Life (QoL), body composition, lipid metabolism, bone mineral density

Growth Hormone DisorderAdult Growth Hormone Deficiency

Functional Connectome in Prader-Willi Syndrome: Neuroimaging and AI to Assess Therapeutic Impact

NCT06900335COMPLETED
Sponsor

Corporacion Parc Tauli

Enrollment

101

Started

2025

Primary outcome

Functional connectivity patterns

Prader Willi SyndromeHyperphagiaBehavior Disorders

Short Stature and Psychological Well-being

NCT06295341COMPLETED
Sponsor

Istituto Auxologico Italiano

Enrollment

80

Started

2023

Primary outcome

Psychological well-being through the Psychological Well-Being Scales (PWB)

Short StatureShort; Stature, Psychosocial

Effects of Growth Hormone Administration on Cardiovascular Risk in Cured Acromegalics With Growth Hormone Deficiency

NCT00182091COMPLETED
Sponsor

Massachusetts General Hospital

Enrollment

75

Started

2004

Primary outcome

Change in High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein

AcromegalyGrowth Hormone DeficiencyPituitary Disease

Post Marketing Surveillance on Long-term Use With Norditropin® (Short Stature Due to Noonan Syndrome)

NCT03435627COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

71

Started

2018

Primary outcome

Number of adverse drug reactions (ADR)

Genetic DisorderNoonan Syndrome

Physiologic Growth Hormone Effects in HIV Lipodystrophy

NCT00100698COMPLETED
Sponsor

Massachusetts General Hospital

Enrollment

56

Started

2004

Primary outcome

Change in Visceral Adipose Tissue Area From Baseline to 18 Months

AIDSHIV Infections

Retrospective Observational Study on Efficacy and Safety of Norditropin® in Children With Prader-Willi Syndrome

NCT00705172COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

41

Started

2008

Primary outcome

Primary objective is to investigate changes in height Standard Deviation Score (SDS)

Genetic DisorderPrader-Willi Syndrome

Effect of 5 Years of GH Replacement on Atherosclerosis

NCT00462475COMPLETED
Sponsor

Federico II University

Enrollment

20

Started

1996

Primary outcome

Intima-media thickness at common carotid arteries at baseline and after 5 years

HypopituitarismPituitary TumorsGrowth Hormone Deficiency

A Study to Evaluate Growth in Participants Treated With Somatropin (Nutropin) Using NuSpin Device

NCT01243892TERMINATED
Sponsor

Genentech, Inc.

Enrollment

18

Started

2010

Primary outcome

Annualized Height Velocity in Response to rhGH Treatment Using the NuSpin Device After Two Years of Treatment

Growth Hormone Deficiency

Somatostatin Analogue Treatment of Acromegaly: Molecular Aspects

NCT01723748COMPLETED
Sponsor

University of Aarhus

Enrollment

18

Started

2012

Primary outcome

Metabolism - including GH, IGF-I, FFA, glc and insulin. Concentration and AUC (area under the curve)

AcromegalyMetabolic Diseases

The Relationship Between the Growth Hormone (GH)- Insulin Like Growth Factor I (IGF-I) System and the Inflammatory System in Healthy Normal Persons

Sponsor

Herlev Hospital

Enrollment

12

Started

2009

Primary outcome

The relationship between changes in serum levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), high sensitive CRP (hsCRP) and YKL-40 vs. changes in serum levels og IGF-I

Interaction Between the GH/IGF-I System and the Immune-system

Study to Examine Insulin Resistance During Growth Hormone Treatment for Short Stature Due to Low Birthweight

Sponsor

Massachusetts General Hospital

Enrollment

12

Started

2005

Fetal Growth Retardation

Evaluation of the Adherence and the Patient Acceptability of Zomacton® Treatment With the Zomajet® Vision X Device

NCT02018172TERMINATED
Sponsor

Ferring Pharmaceuticals

Enrollment

3

Started

2014

Primary outcome

Rate of overall treatment adherence

Growth Hormone DeficiencyTurner's Syndrome

Study to Identify Markers of Insulin Resistance During Growth Hormone Treatment for Short Stature

NCT00121875TERMINATED
Sponsor

Massachusetts General Hospital

Enrollment

1

Started

2005

Primary outcome

to compare the effect of GH on IMCL content in the two subject groups (Turner syndrome vs. ISS)

Turner SyndromeIdiopathic Short Stature

Clinical Study of Pegylated Somatropin to Treat Children Growth Hormone Deficiency

NCT02908958Phase 4UNKNOWN
Sponsor

Changchun GeneScience Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

Enrollment

900

Started

2014

Primary outcome

The change of Height Standard Deviation Score for Chronological Age before and after the treatment (ΔHtSDSCA)

Growth Hormone Deficiency

Predictive Markers in Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD) and Turner Syndrome (TS) Children Treated With SAIZEN®

NCT00256126Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany

Enrollment

318

Started

2005

Primary outcome

Change From Baseline in Insulin Like Growth Factor-1 Standard Deviation Score (IGF-1 SDS) at Month 1

Growth Hormone DeficiencyTurner Syndrome

IVF/ICSI Protocols in Poor Responders With Growth Hormone

NCT01897324Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

Woman's Health University Hospital, Egypt

Enrollment

287

Started

2013

Primary outcome

Numbers of oocytes retrieved and number of fertilized oocytes

Female Infertility Due to Diminished Ovarian Reserve

PEG-rhGH and Semaglutide Combination Therapy in Non-Diabetic Obese Adults

NCT06863363Phase 4NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Sponsor

Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital

Enrollment

212

Primary outcome

The change in lean body weight (kg) from baseline

Non-diabetic Obesity

Efficacy of Growth Hormone Supplementation With Gonadotrophins in IVF/ICSI for Poor Responders

NCT03759301Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

ClinAmygate

Enrollment

156

Started

2018

Primary outcome

clinical pregnancy rate

Infertility, Female

Safety and Efficacy of SR-hGH (Sustained-release Human Growth Hormone, Declage Inj.)

NCT01605331Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

LG Life Sciences

Enrollment

132

Started

2009

Primary outcome

Safety

Growth Hormone Deficiency

Phase IV Study of rhGH Injection in Adult Short Bowel Syndrome

NCT07691125Phase 4RECRUITING
Sponsor

Changchun GeneScience Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

Enrollment

100

Started

2024

Primary outcome

Change from baseline in total volume of parenteral nutrition (PN/IV) support at Week 4 of the study (PS, Parenteral Support)

Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS) in Adults

An Open-label Phase 4 Study to Explore Immunogenicity of the Liquid Formulation of Saizen® in Subjects With Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency (AGHD)

NCT01806298Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany

Enrollment

78

Started

2013

Primary outcome

Percentage of Subjects Developing Binding Antibodies (BAbs) to Saizen®

Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency

Effects of Growth Hormone Therapy on Metabolic Function in Fatty Liver Post-Pituitary Adenoma Surgery

NCT06448195Phase 4UNKNOWN
Sponsor

Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital

Enrollment

40

Started

2023

Primary outcome

the percentage of liver fat

Growth Hormone Treatment

A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone in Children With Achondroplasia

NCT05353192Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

Changchun GeneScience Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

Enrollment

39

Started

2022

Primary outcome

Change From Baseline in Annualized Height Velocity (AHV) at Week 52

Achondroplasia

A Multicentre, Randomised, Open-label, Controlled Study to Evaluate the Effects of Saizen® on Cardiac Function in Growth Hormone Deficient(GHD) Subjects During the Transition Phase From Childhood to Adulthood

NCT01157793Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany

Enrollment

34

Started

2003

Primary outcome

Change in percentage ejection fraction in subjects during the transition phase from childhood to adulthood

DwarfismGrowth Hormone Deficiency

Induction and Expansion of T Cell Repertoire Using Growth Hormone and Vaccination in HIV-1 Infected Patients

NCT00287677Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital

Enrollment

33

Started

2006

Primary outcome

Proportion of patients HIV+ that recover the immunospecific responses against tetanus toxoid and Hepatitis A at 24 weeks of rhGH administration (time of treatment interruption).

HIV Infections

Effect of Somatropin on Left Ventricular Mass in Growth Hormone Deficient Adult Patients

NCT01562834Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

22

Started

1998

Primary outcome

Left ventricular mass measured with ultrasonography

Growth Hormone DisorderAdult Growth Hormone Deficiency

Growth Hormone Treatment in Infants Aged 1 to 2 Years With Chronic Renal Insufficiency (CRI) and Growth Retardation.

NCT00184769Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

16

Started

1998

Primary outcome

To evaluate the effect of growth hormone on infants aged 1 to 2 years with CRI and growth retardation growth retardation despite an adequate dietary intake

Chronic Kidney DiseaseChronic Renal Insufficiency

Anterior Pituitary Hormone Replacement in Traumatic Brain Injury

NCT00957671Phase 4COMPLETED
Sponsor

The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston

Enrollment

15

Started

2003

Primary outcome

Maximum Oxygen Uptake at Baseline.

Growth Hormone DeficiencyTraumatic Brain Injury

Treatment Of Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency After Traumatic Brain Injury

NCT00555009Phase 4TERMINATED
Sponsor

Pfizer

Enrollment

10

Started

2008

Primary outcome

Change From Baseline in the Cognitive Function (CogState™) Composite Score at Week 36

Brain InjuriesGrowth Hormone Deficiency

Cardiovascular Effects on Growth Hormone Therapy in Adults With Growth Hormone Deficiency

NCT01698944Phase 4TERMINATED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

7

Started

2001

Primary outcome

Left Ventricular systolic function

Growth Hormone DisorderAdult Growth Hormone Deficiency

The Effect of Somatropin Treatment in Adult Patients on Chronic Dialysis

NCT00503698Phase 3TERMINATED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

712

Started

2007

Primary outcome

Mortality - Time to All-cause Death

Chronic Kidney DiseaseEnd-Stage Renal Disease

Individualized, Target-Driven Treatment Of Children With Idiopathic Short Stature

NCT00396097Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Pfizer

Enrollment

316

Started

2006

Primary outcome

Absolute On-target Difference (AOTD) at 24 Months

Idiopathic Short Stature

MAXOMAT ® in the Treatment of Severe Early Onset Intrauterine Growth Retardation on Pre-pubertal Children

NCT00452491Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Sanofi

Enrollment

306

Started

1993

Primary outcome

Efficacy data : measurement of height

Fetal Growth Retardation

Study to Define Optimal IGF-1 Monitoring in Children Treated With NutropinAq

NCT00234533Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Ipsen

Enrollment

251

Started

2004

Primary outcome

Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-I) Levels Measured Using the Timed Capillary Blood Spot Samples

Turner SyndromeRenal Insufficiency, ChronicPituitary DiseasesDwarfism

Safety and Efficacy Phase 3 Study of Long-acting hGH (MOD-4023) in Growth Hormone Deficient Children

NCT02968004Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

OPKO Health, Inc.

Enrollment

224

Started

2016

Primary outcome

Annual Height Velocity in Main Study Phase

Pediatric Growth Hormone Deficiency

A Trial to Investigate Long Term Efficacy and Safety of Lonapegsomatropin in Adults With Growth Hormone Deficiency

NCT05171855Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Ascendis Pharma Endocrinology Division A/S

Enrollment

220

Started

2021

Primary outcome

Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs), Serious TEAEs and TEAE Leading to Study Discontinuation

Adult Growth Hormone DeficiencyEndocrine System DiseasesHormone Deficiency

Growth Hormone Treatment in Short Children Born Small for Gestational Age

NCT00191529Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Eli Lilly and Company

Enrollment

200

Started

2002

Primary outcome

The 2 different doses used are non-inferior to each other

Infant, Small for Gestational Age

A Research Study in Children With a Low Level of Hormone to Grow. Treatment is Somapacitan Once a Week Compared to Norditropin® Once a Day (REAL4)

NCT03811535Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

200

Started

2019

Primary outcome

Height Velocity: In-trial Observation Period

Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children

Effect of Growth Hormone in Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency

NCT00262249Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

173

Started

2000

Primary outcome

Change in height standard deviation score

Growth Hormone DisorderGrowth Hormone Deficiency in ChildrenGrowth DisorderIdiopathic Short Stature

Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy in Veterans With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) and Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency (AGHD)

NCT04867317Phase 3RECRUITING
Sponsor

VA Office of Research and Development

Enrollment

172

Started

2025

Primary outcome

QoL-AGHDA (Quality of Life-Assessment of Adult Growth Hormone in Adults)

Adult Growth Hormone DeficiencyMild Traumatic Brain Injury

A Study of Zomacton in Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency

NCT00884000Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Ferring Pharmaceuticals

Enrollment

165

Started

2010

Primary outcome

Height Velocity

Growth Hormone Deficiency

Somatropin (Norditropin) in Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) Deficient Children

NCT00102817Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

149

Started

2003

Primary outcome

Change in height standard deviation score

Growth Hormone DisorderPituitary Dwarfism

A Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy Study of TransCon hGH in Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency

NCT03305016Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Ascendis Pharma Endocrinology Division A/S

Enrollment

146

Started

2017

Primary outcome

Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events [Safety and Tolerability]

Growth Hormone Deficiency, PediatricEndocrine System DiseasesHormone DeficiencyPituitary Diseases

The Efficacy and Safety of Inpegsomatropin Injection in Children With Short Stature Born Small for Gestational Age

NCT07309562Phase 3RECRUITING
Sponsor

Xiamen Amoytop Biotech Co., Ltd.

Enrollment

141

Started

2026

Primary outcome

Growth velocity (HV, cm/year).

Small for Gestational Age

Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults (GHDA)

NCT00519558Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

121

Started

2003

Primary outcome

Percent change in truncal fat (kg) from baseline

Growth Hormone DisorderAdult Growth Hormone Deficiency

A Study of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Injection for Short Children With Small for Small for Gestational Age(SGA)

NCT03245333Phase 3UNKNOWN
Sponsor

Changchun GeneScience Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

Enrollment

120

Started

2014

Primary outcome

Change of height standard deviation score for chronological age (△Ht SDSCA)

Small for Gestational Age Infant

Growth Hormone in Neuroendocrine Dysfunction With Severe Fibromyalgia Syndrome

NCT00933686Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany

Enrollment

113

Started

2007

Primary outcome

Percentage of Participants With Less Than 11 Tender Points at Month 6

Fibromyalgia

Long-term Trial on Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults (GHDA)

NCT00184743Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

112

Started

2003

Primary outcome

Percent change in truncal fat (kg)

Growth Hormone DisorderAdult Growth Hormone Deficiency

Treatment Of Children With Short Stature At An Age Of 3-7 Years Who Were Born Small For Gestational Age

NCT00174408Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Pfizer

Enrollment

110

Started

1990

Primary outcome

Height, height velocity

Growth Disorders

Growth Hormone Treatment in Children Born Small for Gestational Age (SGA)

NCT00184717Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

98

Started

2004

Primary outcome

Change in Height Standard Deviation Score (SDS) for Chronological Age (CA) at Week 260 - Subjects Received NN220 Treatment for 5 Years

Foetal Growth ProblemSmall for Gestational Age

A Trial to Compare the Safety of Once Weekly Dosing of Somapacitan With Daily Norditropin® FlexPro® for 26 Weeks in Previously Human Growth Hormone Treated Adults With Growth Hormone Deficiency

NCT02382939Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

92

Started

2015

Primary outcome

Incidence of Adverse Events

Adult Growth Hormone DeficiencyGrowth Hormone Disorder

Patient Perception of Treatment Burden in Weekly Versus Daily Growth Hormone Injections in Children With GHD

NCT03831880Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Pfizer

Enrollment

87

Started

2019

Primary outcome

Total Score Related to Overall Life Interference Assessed at Baseline, Using Dyad Clinical Outcomes Assessment 1 (DCOA 1) Questionnaire

Growth Hormone Deficiency

Long-term Trial on Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults (GHDA)

NCT00184730Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

86

Started

2004

Primary outcome

Lipid-related laboratory tests parameters (total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride)

Growth Hormone DisorderAdult Growth Hormone Deficiency

Safety and Efficacy of Somatropin in Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency

NCT01502124Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

78

Started

2001

Primary outcome

Adverse events (especially injection site reactions)

Growth Hormone DisorderGrowth Hormone Deficiency in Children

Extension Study on Safety of Long-Term Growth Hormone Replacement in Adult Patients With Growth Hormone Deficiency

NCT00191360Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Eli Lilly and Company

Enrollment

68

Started

2003

Primary outcome

Long-term safety of growth hormone replacement in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency

Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency

Study Aimed At Improving Height With Genotonorm In Children Born Little And/Or Light With Growth Retardation At The Age

NCT00174252Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Pfizer

Enrollment

57

Started

2005

Primary outcome

Percentage of Children With Insulin Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) > 2 Standard Deviation (SD) at 9 and 12 Months

Fetal Growth Retardation

Efficacy and Safety of Growth Hormone Treatment in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

NCT00420251Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Ludwig-Maximilians - University of Munich

Enrollment

50

Started

1996

Primary outcome

Final height

Juvenile Idiopathic ArthritisStill Disease, Juvenile-Onset

Growth Retardation In Children With Special Pathological Conditions Or Disease

NCT00163215Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Pfizer

Enrollment

46

Started

2005

Primary outcome

Change From Baseline in Annual Growth Rate Standard Deviation Score (SDS) for Chronological Age (CA) at Month 36 in Intent-to-Treat (ITT) Population

Endocrine System Diseases

Safety and Efficacy Study of MOD-4023 to Treat Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency

NCT03874013Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

OPKO Health, Inc.

Enrollment

44

Started

2017

Primary outcome

Annual Height Velocity (HV) After 12 Months

Growth Hormone Deficiency

Growth Hormone Treatment in Men With High Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

NCT00781547Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Göteborg University

Enrollment

40

Started

1999

Primary outcome

Glucose tolerance

Abdominal ObesityMetabolic SyndromeObesity

Growth Hormone in Ischemic Heart Failure

NCT04420481Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Göteborg University

Enrollment

37

Started

2004

Primary outcome

Change in left ventricular endsystolic volume

Heart Failure, SystolicIschemic Heart Disease Chronic

Treatment Of Short Stature With Genotropin In Children Born Small For Gestational Age Until Final Height

NCT00174421Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Pfizer

Enrollment

36

Started

2001

Primary outcome

Final height, compared to the expected familial target height

Growth Disorder

Efficacy and Safety of a High Dosage Compared to the Label Dosage of Somatropin in Early Pubertal Stage Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency

NCT00191165Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Eli Lilly and Company

Enrollment

27

Started

2004

Primary outcome

Height Velocity Standard Deviation Score (SDS) at 12-Month Endpoint

Growth Hormone Deficiency

A Trial to Evaluate the Correlation Between Spontaneous Catch-up Growth, Clinical Response to Saizen (Recombinant Human Growth Hormone, r-hGH) and Gene Expression Profiling in Children Small for Gestational Age (SGA)

NCT01067352Phase 3TERMINATED
Sponsor

Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany

Enrollment

25

Started

2004

Primary outcome

Correlation Between Gene Expression Profiling and Catch-up Growth in Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Children

Infant, Small for Gestational Age

Genetic Testing of Noonan Subjects Previously Treated With Norditropin®. An Extension to Trial GHNOO-1658

NCT01529944Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

22

Started

2008

Primary outcome

Change in height SDS (Standard Deviation Score) (referenced to normal population)

Genetic DisorderNoonan Syndrome

Growth Hormone in the Treatment of HIV-Associated Wasting

NCT00489528Phase 3COMPLETED
Sponsor

EMD Serono

Started

1997

Primary outcome

To confirm the clinical efficacy of Serostim compared with placebo, based on an endpoint of exercise function change.

HIV InfectionsHIV Wasting Syndrome

Severe Decrease of Growth Velocity in Children With Anorexia Nervosa.Therapeutic Trial of Growth Hormone

NCT01626833Phase 2/3COMPLETED
Sponsor

Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris

Enrollment

15

Started

2013

Primary outcome

the growth-velocity

Anorexia NervosaInterruption of GrowthDelayed PubertyOsteopenia With Failure of Acquisition of Bone Mass

Growth Hormone Therapy for Muscle Regeneration in Severely Burned Patients

NCT03038594Phase 2/3COMPLETED
Sponsor

The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston

Enrollment

13

Started

2015

Primary outcome

Lean body mass

BurnsGrowth Hormone Treatment

Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of the Treatment With Growth Hormone in Tibia Fractures

NCT00254514Phase 2COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

407

Started

2001

Primary outcome

Time from surgery until fracture has healed

Bone FractureTibia Fractures

A Study Extension Period of PEG-somatropin (Pegylated-somatropin) in the Treatment of Children With Idiopathic Short Stature

NCT03255694Phase 2ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING
Sponsor

Changchun GeneScience Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

Enrollment

360

Started

2017

Primary outcome

Change of yearly height velocity (ΔHV)

Dwarfism

SMART: Somatotrophics, Memory, and Aging Research Trial

NCT00257712Phase 2COMPLETED
Sponsor

University of Washington

Enrollment

151

Started

2006

Primary outcome

Change in declarative memory, including total recall scores on three tests of memory and on dual task response time (RT), a test of executive function.

AgingMild Cognitive Impairment

Growth Hormone Treatment in Adult Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

NCT00184652Phase 2COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

140

Started

2003

Primary outcome

Change in surrogate markers of nutrition

Chronic Kidney DiseaseEnd-Stage Renal Disease

Efficiency and Safety Study of Pegylated Somatropin to Treat Growth Hormone Deficiency Children

NCT01342146Phase 2COMPLETED
Sponsor

Changchun GeneScience Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

Enrollment

101

Started

2006

Primary outcome

Growth velocity

Growth Hormone Deficiency

Safety and Efficacy Study of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone in Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency Patients

NCT01822340Phase 2COMPLETED
Sponsor

Hanmi Pharmaceutical Company Limited

Enrollment

72

Started

2011

Primary outcome

Change of IGF-I levels in function of time, and dose strengths

Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency

A Study to Evaluate Nutropin AQ for the Treatment of Growth Restriction in Children With Cystic Fibrosis

NCT00079742Phase 2COMPLETED
Sponsor

Genentech, Inc.

Enrollment

68

Started

2003

Primary outcome

To determine the safety and efficacy of Nutropin AQ in treating growth restriction and increasing lean body mass (LBM) in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and growth restriction.

Cystic Fibrosis

Recombinant Human Growth Hormone During Rehabilitation From Traumatic Brain Injury.

NCT00766038Phase 2COMPLETED
Sponsor

University of Pennsylvania

Enrollment

63

Started

2008

Primary outcome

Functional Outcome 6 Months After Injury, as Measured by the Processing Speed Index

Traumatic Brain Injury

Safety and Efficacy Phase 2 Study of Long-acting hGH (MOD-4023) in Growth Hormone Deficient Children

NCT01592500Phase 2COMPLETED
Sponsor

OPKO Health, Inc.

Enrollment

56

Started

2012

Primary outcome

Annual Height Velocity

Pediatric Growth Hormone Deficiency

A Trial to Investigate Different Doses of Lonapegsomatropin Compared to Somatropin in Individuals With Turner Syndrome

NCT05690386Phase 2ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING
Sponsor

Ascendis Pharma Endocrinology Division A/S

Enrollment

48

Started

2023

Primary outcome

Annualized Height Velocity (AHV) (cm/year)

Turner Syndrome

Growth Hormone in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

NCT00635960Phase 2COMPLETED
Sponsor

Federico II University

Enrollment

40

Started

2007

Primary outcome

Primary endpoint is the N-acetylaspartate/Creatine ratio in the motor cortex assessed with magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A Safety, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study of ACP-001 (TransCon hGH) in Adults With Growth Hormone Deficiency

NCT01247675Phase 2COMPLETED
Sponsor

Ascendis Pharma A/S

Enrollment

37

Started

2010

Primary outcome

Number of Subjects Reporting Local Tolerability Events (Assessed by the Patient and Investigator)

Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency

Testosterone and Growth Hormone for Bone Loss in Men

NCT00080483Phase 2COMPLETED
Sponsor

University of Pennsylvania

Enrollment

35

Started

2004

Primary outcome

MicroMRI-derived Structural (Bone Volume Fraction-BVF) of the Distal Tibia at Baseline and After One and Two Years of Treatment.

HypopituitarismHypogonadismGrowth Hormone Deficiency

A Single Dose Trial in Growth Hormone Deficient Children Investigating Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Long Acting Growth Hormone

NCT00936403Phase 2COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

31

Started

2009

Primary outcome

Frequency of Adverse events (AEs)

Growth Hormone DisorderGrowth Hormone Deficiency in Children

Diet/Growth Factor Mechanisms of Gut Adaptation

NCT00067860Phase 2COMPLETED
Sponsor

Emory University

Enrollment

27

Started

1996

Short Bowel Syndrome

Early hGH Treatment of SGA Infants to Prevent Irreversible Neurologic and Psychological Damage and Sequelae

NCT02326610Phase 2UNKNOWN
Sponsor

Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center

Enrollment

20

Started

2014

Primary outcome

Changes in Cognitive assessments (using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-III)

Infant, Small for Gestational AgeGrowth Hormone TreatmentInfant, Premature, Diseases

Diurnal Variation of Exogenous Peptides (GH Puls/Jurgita I)

NCT01090778Phase 2COMPLETED
Sponsor

Aarhus University Hospital

Enrollment

8

Started

2010

Primary outcome

Pharmacokinetic profiles of growth hormone

Growth Hormone Deficiency

A Study of GenSci134 in Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency (PGHD)

NCT07450001Phase 1/2NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Sponsor

Changchun GeneScience Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

Enrollment

128

Started

2026

Primary outcome

Phase Ib: Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)

Pediatric Growth Hormone Deficiency

Growth Hormone Treatment in Children With Hypophosphatemic Rickets

NCT02720770Phase 1/2COMPLETED
Sponsor

Bicetre Hospital

Enrollment

19

Started

2006

Primary outcome

change from baseline in height SDS (standard deviation score)

X Linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets

A Bioequivalence Study of Two Different PEG-rhGH Preparations.

NCT06331026Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

Changchun GeneScience Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

Enrollment

87

Started

2024

Primary outcome

Pharmacokinetics (Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax) ) of PEG-rhGH with present and new preparation

Pediatric Growth Hormone Deficiency (PGHD)

A Bioequivalence Study of Two Different Processes of PEG-rhGH Preparations

NCT06840691Phase 1NOT_YET_RECRUITING
Sponsor

Changchun GeneScience Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

Enrollment

87

Started

2025

Primary outcome

Pharmacokinetics (Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax) ) of PEG-rhGH with present and new preparation

Pediatric Growth Hormone Deficiency (PGHD)

Growth Hormone Administration and the Human Immune System

NCT00663611Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

National Institute on Aging (NIA)

Enrollment

66

Started

2006

Primary outcome

GH administration may elicit clinical significant and relevant changes in the human immune system

Healthy Volunteers

Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Study of HL-032 in Healthy Male Volunteers

NCT01440686Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

HanAll BioPharma Co., Ltd.

Enrollment

40

Started

2011

Primary outcome

Area under the serum hGH(human growth hormone)concentration-time curve

Growth Hormone Deficiency

A Trial Investigating the Safety, Tolerability, Availability and Distribution in the Body of Once-weekly Long-acting Growth Hormone (Somapacitan) Compared to Once Daily Norditropin NordiFlex® in Adults With Growth Hormone Deficiency

NCT01706783Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

Novo Nordisk A/S

Enrollment

35

Started

2012

Primary outcome

Incidence of adverse events (AEs)

Growth Hormone DisorderAdult Growth Hormone Deficiency

Evaluation of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Parameters of Somatropin Produced by Laboratory Blausiegel Indústria e Comércio Ltda., Compared to Saizen® From Laboratory Merck Serono S.A.

NCT01494779Phase 1UNKNOWN
Sponsor

Azidus Brasil

Enrollment

32

Started

2013

Primary outcome

The primary efficacy endpoint will be based in the investigation of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of somatropin in research subjects after administration of single dose, sc, of the drug.

GH Deficiency (GHD)Growth Retardation

6x3 Crossover, Bioavailability, Safety and Tolerability Among Different Eutropin Formulations in Healthy Volunteers

NCT04085224Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

LG Chem

Enrollment

24

Started

2019

Primary outcome

Bioavailability

Bioavailability, Safety and Tolerability Among Different Eutropin Formulations in Healthy Volunteers

Effects of Growth Hormone on the Nitric Oxide Pathway

NCT00470002Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

Hannover Medical School

Enrollment

16

Started

2004

Primary outcome

Urinary nitrate excretion

Cardiovascular Disease

A Bioavailability Study of Two Different PEG-rhGH Preparations.

NCT06385145Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

Changchun GeneScience Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

Enrollment

16

Started

2024

Primary outcome

Pharmacokinetics (Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax) ) of PEG-rhGH with present and new preparation

Pediatric Growth Hormone Deficiency (PGHD)

Growth Hormone and Brain Functioning After Traumatic Brain Injury

NCT01699308Phase 1COMPLETED
Sponsor

Joe Springer

Enrollment

15

Started

2009

Primary outcome

Change in brain function assessed by functional MRI

Traumatic Brain Injury

Implantation of Allogenic Mesenchymal Stem Cell From Umbilical Cord Blood for Osteoarthritis Management

NCT03800810Early Phase 1UNKNOWN
Sponsor

Universitas Indonesia

Enrollment

9

Started

2015

Primary outcome

Cartilage T2 map score

Osteoarthritis, Knee

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