Melatonin
N-Acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine · Circadin
- MW
- 232.28g/mol
- Formula
- C13H16N2O2
Melatonin, chemically known as N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, is an indolamine hormone primarily produced by the pineal gland and synthesized locally in the retina, following a circadian rhythm with elevated levels at night. Researchers primarily study melatonin for its role in regulating sleep and circadian rhythms, as well as its potential therapeutic effects in various disorders. Key findings indicate that melatonin functions as a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, particularly during pregnancy, where it helps maintain placental integrity and immune homeostasis. Additionally, studies suggest that melatonin may positively influence growth hormone levels and has been explored for its therapeutic potential in sleep disorders and mood regulation. Current research continues to investigate melatonin's multifaceted roles and its clinical relevance, particularly in developing novel therapeutic agents targeting its receptors.
Übersicht
Melatonin, also known as N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine or Circadin, is an endogenous hormone primarily produced by the pineal gland and also synthesized locally in the retina. It belongs to the class of indolamine hormones and is released in response to the circadian rhythm, with higher levels at night. Melatonin is also available as a synthetic supplement used in various therapeutic contexts. Researchers have observed that melatonin plays a crucial role in regulating sleep and circadian rhythms, acting as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, particularly in the placenta during pregnancy. It is involved in reducing oxidative stress and maintaining immune homeostasis, which is essential for a stable gestational environment. Melatonin exerts its effects primarily through the activation of MT1 and MT2 G protein-coupled receptors, which are involved in sleep regulation, mood disorders, and neuroprotection. These receptors have been targets for developing melatonin agonists to treat insomnia and other circadian rhythm disorders. The pharmacokinetic properties of melatonin include a short circulating half-life and metabolism primarily in the liver. Oral bioavailability is limited due to first-pass metabolism. Clinically, melatonin is used as an alternative treatment for sleep disorders, offering fewer side effects compared to traditional pharmaceuticals. In the USA, melatonin is available over-the-counter as a dietary supplement, while its regulatory status varies in other countries.
Chemische Struktur
| Formel | C13H16N2O2 |
| Molekulargewicht | 232.28g/mol |
| CAS-Nummer | 73-31-4 |
| PubChem CID | 896 |
Wirkmechanismus
Melatonin acts on MT1 and MT2 receptors, which are G protein-coupled receptors. Activation of these receptors influences sleep regulation, circadian rhythms, and various neuroprotective pathways, contributing to its therapeutic effects in sleep and mood disorders.
Signalweg
Melatonin primarily exerts its effects through the activation of two high-affinity G protein-coupled receptors, MT1 and MT2, which are involved in various signaling pathways, including the inhibition of adenylate cyclase and modulation of intracellular calcium levels. This receptor activation influences biological processes such as circadian rhythm regulation, sleep onset and maintenance, and anti-inflammatory responses, particularly in the placenta during pregnancy. While the precise mechanisms of action are still being elucidated, melatonin's role as an antioxidant and its effects on the growth hormone/IGF-1 axis suggest complex interactions within neuroendocrine signaling pathways.
Half-Life & Pharmacokinetics
Circulating half-life ~20-50 minutes
Poor bioavailability due to first-pass metabolism
Melatonin has a short half-life, and its bioavailability is affected by the route of administration.
Storage
Temperature
Store at room temperature (15-30C)
Light
Protect from light
Form
Stable in tablet form for extended periods
Notes
Avoid exposure to excessive heat and moisture.
Löslichkeit
Melatonin is poorly soluble in water but soluble in ethanol and other organic solvents.
Legal Status
🇩🇪DE
In Germany, melatonin is available by prescription (verschreibungspflichtig) for certain formulations.
🇺🇸US
In the USA, melatonin is available over-the-counter as a dietary supplement and is not scheduled by the DEA.
🇦🇺AU
In Australia, melatonin is classified as a Schedule 4 (S4) prescription-only medicine.
🇬🇧UK
In the UK, melatonin is available by prescription and classified as a Prescription Only Medicine (POM) for certain uses.
Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.
Offene Forschungsfragen
Current evidence is limited regarding the long-term effects of melatonin supplementation on various populations, particularly in pregnant women and individuals with chronic sleep disorders. Further research is needed to clarify the specific mechanisms by which melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 mediate therapeutic effects, as well as to investigate the potential interactions of melatonin with other hormones in diverse demographic groups through larger randomized controlled trials. Additionally, more studies are required to explore the optimal dosing strategies and timing for melatonin administration to maximize its benefits while minimizing any adverse effects.
176 Research Publications
12,696
Total Citations
31
Human/RCT
4.1
Avg. Influence
2024
Latest
Melatonin: a multitasking molecule.
The review noted that melatonin's diverse mechanisms of action contribute to improved cellular physiology, indicating its potential applications in both human and veterinary medicine.
MT1 and MT2 Melatonin Receptors: A Therapeutic Perspective.
Liu Jiabei, et al. · Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology · 2016
The study demonstrated that selective melatonin receptor agonists targeting MT1 and MT2 may offer therapeutic benefits for sleep disorders, mood disorders, and cancer.
Key findings
- 01Melatonin levels vary throughout the day, being higher at night.
- 02MT1 and MT2 receptors play a crucial role in sleep and mood regulation.
- 03New melatonin-based medications are being developed to enhance treatment effectiveness.
Melatonin mitigates mitochondrial malfunction.
The review indicated that melatonin protects against mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in various disorders, improving mitochondrial respiration and ATP synthesis.
Melatonin biosynthesis in plants: multiple pathways catalyze tryptophan to melatonin in the cytoplasm or chloroplasts.
Researchers observed that multiple biosynthetic pathways exist for melatonin production in plants, indicating complex regulatory mechanisms that could enhance agricultural applications.
A review of sleep disorders and melatonin.
Xie Zizhen, et al. · Neurological research · 2017
Researchers observed that melatonin supplementation improves sleep quality and duration in individuals with sleep disorders, offering a safer alternative to traditional medications.
Key findings
- 01Melatonin is well tolerated and has no significant short- or long-term side effects.
- 02It helps synchronize circadian rhythms and improves sleep onset and quality.
- 03Melatonin may serve as a safer alternative to traditional sleep medications.
Phytomelatonin: a review.
Researchers observed that melatonin functions as an antioxidant and growth promoter in plants, suggesting its role in photoperiodic responses and stress defense.
Melatonin: Current Status and Future Perspectives in Plant Science.
The review summarized that melatonin has diverse roles in plant physiology, including enhancing growth, development, and resistance to stress.
Melatonin as a radioprotective agent: a review.
The study demonstrated that melatonin protects mammalian cells from ionizing radiation damage through its radical scavenging ability, supporting its use as a radioprotective agent.
Clinical Trials (186)
186
Total Trials
19,429
Total Enrolled
Sedation and Nursing Management in EEG Recording in Children
Suleyman Demirel University
180
2021
Success in falling asleep
Melatonin Plus Aminoacids for Sarcopenic Elderly
Azienda di Servizi alla Persona di Pavia
159
2014
Change in Total Fat Mass and Total Free Fat Mass (DXA)
Randomized Trial Investigating Melatonin Supplementation vs Placebo on Sleep Disturbance Following Total Joint Arthroplasty
Rothman Institute Orthopaedics
154
2018
Patient Sleep Quality
Efficacy of the Administration of Melatonin 5mg in the Prevention of Delirium in Older Adults Hospitalized in the Emergency Department
Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí
145
2019
Delirium
Effect of Oral Melatonin Versus Intraoperative Lidocaine Infusion on Incidence of Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Patients Undergoing Total Hip Arthroplasty
Tanta University
135
2025
The incidence of postoperative delirium (POD)
Melatonin Treatment for Tardive Dyskinesia in Schizophrenia
Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital
120
2008
the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS)
Treatment of Osteopenia With Melatonin
University of Aarhus
81
2012
Changes in Bone Mineral Density (BMD)
Melatonin Supplementation in Ovarian Response
University of Sao Paulo General Hospital
80
2022
Follicular fluid melatonin concentration
Melatonin Effects on the Left Ventricular Function in Neonates With Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension
Tanta University
80
2023
Left ventricle global longitudinal strain
The Premedication Properties of Oral Melatonin in Pediatrics Undergoing Therapeutic Cardiac Catheterization
Al-Azhar University
80
2023
preoperative anxiety
Transdermal Fentanyl and Melatonin Patches for Postoperative Pain Relief
Ain Shams University
75
2013
A mean difference of total analgesic (pethidine) consumption.
Melatonin and Its Effect on the Perioperative Opioid Needs in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Surgery.
Ain Shams University
72
2023
Postoperative pain
Melatonin vs Gabapentin for Post Trauma Surgery
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
70
2023
preoperative anxiety
Analgesic Effect of Melatonin and Vitamin C Administration, Alone or In Combination in Major Abdominal Surgery.
Cairo University
60
2024
Total morphine consumption
A Comparison Between Oral Melatonin With Nasal Sevoflurane Versus Oral Chloral Hydrate With Nasal Sevoflurane in Sedation of Children Undergoing Brain MRI
Ain Shams University
60
2024
Ramsey sedation scale recorded before starting the MRI exam.Ramsey sedation scale is a 6-point scoring system used to assess a patient's level of arousal and sedation. The scores range from 1 (anxious and agitated) to 6 (unresponsive to pain).
Comparative Efficacy of Magnesium Supplement and Melatonin Congener in Young Adults With Primary Insomnia
CMH Kharian Medical College
60
2025
Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)
Melatonin on Post Operative Pain After CS
Benha University
60
2025
Postoperative pain intensity measured using the VAS (Visual Analogue Scale)
Melatonin for Circadian Sleep Disorders in the Blind
Oregon Health and Science University
59
1997
Treatment Effects on Circadian Phase Will be Assessed During Each Trial by Measuring the Timing of Endogenous Melatonin Secretion.
Oral Melatonin With Intra Articular Analgesia on Pain After Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Assiut University
50
2025
Time to first analgesic requirement
Melatonin Versus Hydroxizin for Pre Operative Anxiety in Elderly Patients With Hip Fracture
Mongi Slim Hospital
50
2022
preoperative anxiety
Effect of 1% Melatonin Gel Versus Calcium Hydroxide as an Intracanal Medicament on the Intensity of Postoperative Pain, Bacterial Load Reduction and Periapical MMP-9 Levels in Patients With Necrotic Pulp.
Cairo University
50
2026
Intensity of postoperative pain
Clinical Trial for the Evaluation of Melatonin in the Treatment of Pressure Ulcers
Fundacion Rioja Salud
50
2024
Epithelialisation
Effectiveness of Combining Light and Non-Light Treatments for Jet Lag and Sleep Disorders
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
48
2006
Circadian phase, as measured by the shift of the endogenous melatonin rhythm (measured during each inpatient visit)
Comparative Evaluation of Melatonin Versus MTA on Vital Pulp Therapy in Young Permanent First Molars: An in Vivo Study
Suez Canal University
45
2023
Clinically assessment (Modified visual analogue scale)
Melatonin Treatment and Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Autonomic Function in Connection With Surgery
University Hospital, Gentofte, Copenhagen
40
2006
Improving Sleep of Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Pulsed Current Stimulation Versus Melatonin
KK Women's and Children's Hospital
40
2023
Total sleep time (TST)
Effects of Melatonin in PCOS Women
Catholic University of the Sacred Heart
40
2015
Number of cycles in six months of therapy
The Efficacy of Oral Melatonin in Preventing Postoperative Delirium for Patients Undergoing Orthopedic Surgery Under General Anesthesia
University of Baghdad
36
2020
The efficacy of oral Melatonin in preventing Postoperative Delirium after general anesthesia
The Effect of Melatonin on Gene Expression and Activity of the Sirt1 and Its Target Genes Catalase and MnSOD in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Healthy Subjects
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
34
2012
Relative gene expression by real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
Efficacy and Safety of Melatonin and Clonazepam for IRBD
Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong
34
2017
Automated REM without atonia index
Melatonin on Anxiety and Sleep Quality in Adults Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
Ain Shams University
30
2024
Quality of sleep
Melatonin vs Metoprolol or Dexmedetomidine to Improve Surgical Field in FESS
Zagazig University
28
2024
Assessment of change in the mean arterial pressure measured in mmHg.
Effects of Melatonin and Oxygen Consumption and Choroidal Blood Flow
University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
16
2008
-choroidal blood flow -oxygen consumption -Co2 production -skin temperatures -rectal temperatures -blood pressure -eye tension
Blind Elderly Melatonin Treatment Study
Oregon Health and Science University
12
2004
Circadian Phase Marker, as Measured by the Melatonin Levels in Serial Salivary and/or Plasma Samples.
Melatonin in Adults With SMS
Hôpital le Vinatier
10
2018
24h melatonin levels
Blind Child Melatonin Treatment Study
Oregon Health and Science University
10
2002
Circadian Phase Marker, as Measured by the Melatonin Levels in Serial Salivary and/or Plasma Samples.
Exogenous Melatonin in Postmenopausal Women with Insomnia
Douglas Mental Health University Institute
6
2022
Change in sleep duration
Melatonin Use in the Intensive Care Elderly Population
MICE Trial Group
600
2016
Delirium
Comparison Of The Effects Of Melatonin Premedication And Ketamine On Postoperative Sleep Quality İn Rhinoplasty
Konya City Hospital
183
2022
To compare the effects of melatonin and ketamine on postoperative sleep disturbances.
Emergence Agitation After Nasal Surgery: a Randomized Controlled Comparison Between Melatonin and Mirtazapine
Ain Shams University
165
2021
Total number of patients with the Riker sedation-agitation score ≥5
Optimal Dosage of Melatonin for Preoperative Sedation in FESS
Aswan University Hospital
160
2024
preoperative sedation using ramsay sedation scale
Oral Bedtime Melatonin in Critically Ill Patients
Hospital San Carlos, Madrid
160
2025
Mortality at 90 days
The Effect of Dexmedetomidine Infusion Alone Versus the Combination of Dexmedetomidine and Melatonin on Reduction of Post-operative Delirium (POD) After Open Brain Surgeries
Ain Shams University
100
2025
The incidence of POD
Efficacy of Melatonin Treatment on Sleep Quality Improvement in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients With Clinical Remission
Mahidol University
90
2025
PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) score at 12th week of study
Premedication With Melatonin and Alprazolam Combination Versus Alprazolam or Melatonin Alone
B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences
80
2011
Change in VAS Anxiety Score Relative to Baseline After Premedication
Melatonin vs Pregabalin for Anxiolysis and Sedation
Menoufia University
78
2022
VAS
Melatonin on Coronary Artery Calcification
Chinese PLA General Hospital
74
2019
a change in CAC score at 6 months measured by coronary CTA
Melatonin in Smoke-induced Vascular Injury
Peking Union Medical College Hospital
68
2015
Smoke-induced Vascular Injury and Melatonin's Effect in This Process Assessed by the Concentration of Fbg.
The Use of Sublingual Melatonin Premedication in Geriatric Cataract Surgery
Al-Azhar University
60
2025
perioperative anxiety
The Effects of Melatonin on Elevated Liver Enzymes During Statins Treatment
Medical University of Lodz
60
2012
liver enzymes
Melatonin in Patients Under Carotid Endarterectomy
Peking Union Medical College Hospital
60
2016
Melatonin effects on patients under CEA assessed by the concentration of SOD
Insulin Resistance in Patients After Carotid Revascularization
Peking Union Medical College Hospital
60
2017
insulin resistance in patients under carotid revascularization assessed by the concentration of insulin
Comparison Between Melatonin and Diazepam for Prevention of Recurrent Simple Febrile Seizures
Tanta University
60
2017
recurrence of febrile seizures during febrile illness
Transdermal Nicotine and Melatonin Patches for Postoperative Pain Relief
Ain Shams University
60
2013
A Mean Difference of Total Analgesic (Pethidine) Consumption.
Preoperative Melatonin or Vitamin C Administration on Postoperative Analgesia
Cukurova University
55
2014
morphine consumption at 24 hours after surgery.)
Evaluation Efficacy of Melatonin Gel as Adjunctive Therapy in Chronic Periodontitis
Al-Azhar University
40
2020
Efficacy of Melatonin gel by determine the change on measurements of clinical parameter in chronic periodontitis.
Effect of Melatonin on Sleep Quality in Patients Dementia
Hospital Universitario Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez
40
2016
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
Effects of Melatonin on Sleep Architecture of Critically Ill Patients in the ICU
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
30
2026
Sleep Efficiency as measured by total sleep time over time in bed
Effect of Slow-release Melatonin (Circadin®) Therapy on Idiopathic RBD: a Pilot Study
Seoul National University Hospital
30
2016
Changes in Clinical Global Impression scale
Investigation of Melatonin and Zolpidem Effect on Postural Instability in Healthy Adult Subjects
Neurim Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
26
2011
Body sway
Assessment of Immediate Implant Stability When Adding Mixture of Hyaluronic Acid and Melatonin
Cairo University
24
2018
Implant stability
Evaluation of Melatonin Application of Immediate Dental Implant
Cairo University
24
2019
implant stability
Melatonin Gel as an Adjuvant in the Surgical Management of Intrabony Defects
Ain Shams University
20
2025
- Radiographic evaluation of the changes in the intrabony defect
Antiinflammatoric and Antioxidative Effect of Melatonin in Human Endotoxaemia
Herlev Hospital
12
2010
Inflammatoric markers
Efficacy and Safety of Circadin® 2 mg in the Treatment of Primary Insomnia Patients
Neurim Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
930
2006
The Change From Baseline in Subjective Sleep Latency.
MELAtonin for Prevention of Postoperative Agitation and Emergence Delirium in Children
Arash Afshari
676
2025
Incidence of emergence agitation
Melatonin for Prevention of Postoperative Delirium After Lower Limb Fracture Surgery in Elderly Patients
Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
357
2021
Postoperative delirium incidence
Antenatal Melatonin Supplementation for Neuroprotection in Fetal Growth Restriction
Monash University
336
2019
Neurodevelopmental performance at 2 years of life among survivors of early onset FGR.
Melatonin for Prevention of Kidney Injury
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
300
2023
Acute kidney injury
Prevention of Delirium in Inpatients Utilizing Melatonin
Yale University
277
2016
Delirium
Melatonin for Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain
Bart Koes
222
2025
Change in low back pain intensity
Melatonin fOr CHronic bAck Pain (The MOCHA Trial)
Odense University Hospital
220
2024
Difference in change in average pain intensity during the last 7 days between groups
of Myo-inositol, Melatonin and Co-enzyme q10 on Ovarian Reserve
Beni-Suef University
200
2024
pregnancy
Melatonin vs Midazolam in Children Undergoing Tonsillectomy
Ain Shams University
195
2026
Incidence of preoperative anxiety with oral melatonin vs oral midazolam as a premedication in Children Undergoing Tonsillectomy.
Clinical Trial of Antioxidant Therapy in Patients With Septic Shock
American British Cowdray Medical Center
131
2018
Organic failure measurement by the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score (SOFA)
Melatonin as Adjuvant Treatment for ADHD in Adults
Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein
120
2017
Adult ADHD Investigator Symptom Rating Scale.
Effect of Melatonin on Cardiometabolic Risk- FULL
Brigham and Women's Hospital
120
2016
change in insulin sensitivity
Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Sleep Disturbances in Children and Adolescents With Anorexia Nervosa (MELSom-ANOREXIA)
Assistance Publique Hopitaux De Marseille
120
2026
Change from baseline in mean Total Sleep Time (TST) measured by Sleep Diary
Cerebroprotective Effect of Melatonin in Stroke
Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Mexico
100
2024
Change in functional outcome and mortality
The Contribution of Melatonin Vs. Placebo in Benzodiazepine Withdrawal in Methadone Maintenance Treatment Patients
Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center
100
2004
Stop benzodiazepine abuse(Urine)
Adjuvant Melatonin for Uveal Melanoma
Gustav Stalhammar
100
2022
Number of patients that develop metastases in Melatonin vs. Control arm, evaluated as relative risk (RR).
Exogenous Melatonin in Intensive Care Unit Chronodisruption
Saint-Joseph University
98
2018
Total sleep time
COMPARISON OF OUTCOME OF HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC ENCEPHLOPATHY MANAGED WITH COMBINATION OF MAGNESIUM SULPHATE AND MELATONIN VERSUS MAGNESIUM SULPHATE ALONE
University of Child Health Sciences and Children's Hospital, Lahore
80
2026
1.Change in PH 2.Serum LDH(U/L)
Melatonin Associated to Acid Inhibition for Chemoprevention in Barret Esophagus: a Pilot Study
Aragon Institute of Health Sciences
80
2012
Oxidative stress
Melatonin and Quality of Life in Dialysis Patients
Meander Medical Center
68
2007
Improvement of vitality (dimension quality of life) by 15 points (RAND SF 36)
Melatonin Effect in Combination With Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy to Clinical Response in Locally Advanced Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Indonesia University
50
2017
Clinical Response as Measured by RECIST 1.1. Criteria
Cardioprotective Effects of Melatonin in Patients With Cardiomyopathy
Tanta University
46
2025
Blood Pressure Measurement
The Clinical Utility of Measuring the Circadian Clock in Treatment of Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder
University of Michigan
44
2019
Change From Baseline Time of Dim Light Melatonin Onset (DLMO) at 4 Weeks
The Efficacy of Melatonin in Sleep Problems of Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Meander Medical Center
40
2005
Sleep onset latency < 15 minutes
Melatonin for Pulmonary Hypertension in Full Term Neonates
Ain Shams University
40
2024
Pulmonary arterial pressure
The Effect of Melatonin Administration on Sedation Level as Adjuvant to Propofol
Cairo University
38
2018
level of sedation
The Effect of Melatonin Application Following Removal of Impacted Third Molar
Fayoum University
38
2020
Bone density
Diabetic Retinopathy: Effects of Melatonin Treatment on Visual Functions and Circadian Rhythm
Glostrup University Hospital, Copenhagen
31
2018
Progression of diabetic retinopathy, oscillary potential
Premedication With Melatonin in Lumbar Medial Branch Block Procedure
United States Naval Medical Center, San Diego
25
2016
Change in anxiety level scores as assessed by the data collection sheet given to patients at all three time points (listed below)
Efficacy of Melatonin in Decreasing the Incidence of Delirium in End of Life Patients
Fraser Health
19
2016
Development of delirium, as determined by the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) criteria
Effect of Topical Melatonin Application on Dental Implant Osseointegration and Marginal Bone Level
University of Baghdad
10
2019
Measuring marginal bone level
Study of Melatonin: Sleep Problems in Alzheimer's Disease
National Institute on Aging (NIA)
Melatonin for Prevention of Post Stroke Delirium
University Hospital Tuebingen
2,000
2017
Change of delir prevalence
Efficacy of Melatonin in the Prophylaxis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Among Healthcare Workers.
Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz
450
2020
SARS-CoV 2 infection rate
Prevention of Delirium in Intensive Care by Melatonin
Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
355
2019
Delirium incidence
Melatonin 3mg and 5mg Compared to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) in the Treatment of Insomnia
Ache Laboratorios Farmaceuticos S.A.
307
2018
Change of Sleep Latency after 21 (±2) days of the treatment.
The Effect of MElatonin on Depression, Anxiety, CIrcadian and Sleep Disturbances in Patients After Acute Myocardial Syndrome
Zealand University Hospital
252
2016
Major Depression Inventory (MDI)
Pharmacological Treatment on the Recovery of Neurosensory Disturbance After Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy
Universitat Internacional de Catalunya
220
2022
Neurosensory Activity
Impact of Melatonin on IVF/ICSI Outcomes in Prospective Poor Responders
Assiut University
100
2016
Total number of retrieved mature oocytes
Melatonin for Fatigue and Other Symptoms in Patients With Advanced Cancer
Bispebjerg Hospital
72
2009
Fatigue as Measured by the Physical Fatigue Scale in the The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) (Smets EM, Garssen B, Bonke B, et al., J Psychosom Res 39:315-325, 1995)
Immune-Pineal Axis Function in Fibromyalgia
Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre
66
2010
Change from Baseline in pain on Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) at week 6
The Effect of Melatonin on Depression, Anxiety, Cognitive Function and Sleep Disturbances in Breast Cancer Patients
Melissa Voigt Hansen
54
2011
Major Depression Inventory (MDI)- Depression at One Point in the Study
Evaluating Efficacy and Safety of Oral Melatonin in Acute Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
Mohsen Pourazizi
48
2025
central macular thickness (CMT)
RECOVER-SLEEP: Platform Protocol
Duke University
830
2024
Total number of participants enrolled in each Appendix
The Melatonin Adjunct in the Acute myocaRdial Infarction Treated With Angioplasty
Alberto Domínguez Rodríguez
272
2013
Infarct size
Acute Concussion and Melatonin
Children's National Research Institute
254
2023
Comparison of average daily sleep duration between melatonin and placebo post acute pediatric concussion
Melatonin and Solifenacin for Double-J Ureteral Stent Symptoms
Beni-Suef University
189
2026
Total Ureteral Stent Symptom Questionnaire Score at Postoperative Day 7
Efficacy and Safety Study of a Combination Product [Drug:BCI-024 (Buspirone) and Drug:BCI-049 (Melatonin)] to Treat Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Massachusetts General Hospital
142
2008
The Score on the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) at Week 6
Effectiveness Of High Dose Melatonin As Adjunctive Therapy For Dengue Fever With Warning Signs
Ilocos Training and Regional Medical Center
140
2021
Number Of Days Prior To Elevation of Platelet Count Among Dengue Fever with Warningn Signs Patient Given Melatonin 20mg.
Melatonin for Post Operative Delirium Prevention in Elderly Patients
Menoufia University
100
2022
Incidence of delirium occurrence
Neoadjuvant Toremifene With Melatonin or Metformin in Locally Advanced Breast Cancer
N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology
96
2015
Response rate
Melatonin for Renal Protection in Patients Receiving Polymyxin B
Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre
88
2018
Acute Kidney Injury according to RIFLE criteria
CHOCOlate MeLatonin for AdolescenT MigrainE
Amy Gelfand
84
2017
Change in Mean Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Score
Effect of Melatonin on Reduction of Pelvic Pain
Karolinska Institutet
80
2019
Pain reduction
Melatonin for Adolescent Migraine Prevention Study
Amy Gelfand
72
2017
Mean Migraine/Migrainous Days in Weeks 5-8 of Randomized Treatment Phase in Melatonin Treated Participants vs. Placebo.
Melatonin for Prevention of Delirium in Critically Ill Patients
Mount Sinai Hospital, Canada
69
2017
Feasibility: Study adherence
Melatonin Therapy for Improving ICSI Outcomes in Women With Diminished Ovarian Reserve
Benha University
64
2025
The Success Rate of Treatment Regimens in Achieving Clinical Pregnancy
Preoperative Melatonin to Decrease Analgesia Usage After Third Molar Surgery
Montefiore Medical Center
60
2021
Postoperative narcotic consumption
Effects of Hydrocortisone, Melatonin, and Placebo on Jet Lag
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
57
2004
improvement in jet lag symptoms
Neuroplasticity:Melatonin and Transcranial Current Stimulation in Healthy Subjects.
Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre
50
2014
Change from baseline in heat-pain threshold with pain score
Melatonin for Migraine Prevention
Nordlandssykehuset HF
48
2009
Migraine attack frequency
Effect of Melatonin and Metformin on Glycemic Control Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity Markers in Patients With Prediabetes
University of Guadalajara
42
2019
Fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
The Effect of Melatonin on Ischemia-reperfusion Injury Following Acute Myocardial Infarction
Herlev Hospital
41
2013
MRI of the heart
The Effect of Melatonin on Nocturnal Enuresis
University of Aarhus
40
2012
number of incontinence episodes
Sleep Inducing And Maintaining Efficacy Of Circadin In Elderly Insomniacs
Neurim Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
40
1996
Melatonin and the Metabolic Syndrome
Emory University
39
2009
Metabolic Syndrome Components
Melatonin and Nighttime Blood Pressure in African Americans-8 mg Study
Emory University
37
2010
Mean Nighttime Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)
Melatonin as a Circadian Clock Regulator, Neuromodulator and Myelo-protector in Adjuvant Breast Cancer Chemotherapy
Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre
36
2016
To evaluate the response to melatonin as a sleep-wake rhythm synchronizer on the effects induced by chemotherapy in women with breast cancer.
Melatonin for Prevention of Metabolic Side Effects of Olanzapine
Guilan University of Medical Sciences
36
2012
Change from baseline in weight at week eight
Bringing Relief to Adolescents Naturally Using Melatonin for Migraine
Amy Gelfand
31
2015
Number of Migraine/Migrainous Days Per 28 Day Period
Melatonin for Treatment of Delirium in Critically Ill Adult Patients
Ciusss de L'Est de l'Île de Montréal
30
2023
Feasibility: Enrollment rate
Platelet Rich Fibrin Versus Melatonin Around Dental Implants
Misr University for Science and Technology
30
2021
gingival thickness
Effects of Melatonin on Insomnia Symptoms in Older Adults
Nalaka Gooneratne
27
2004
Peak Melatonin Level
Does Melatonin Restore Sleep Architecture in Autistic Children
Hospices Civils de Lyon
26
2014
To determine the most effective dose of melatonin to improve sleep quality in autistic children.
Melatonin in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
25
2010
Number of relapses
Study MIPAE - Melatonin and Essential Arterial Hypertension
Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale degli Spedali Civili di Brescia
23
2018
Blood pressure.
Sleep Management And Recovery After Traumatic Brain Injury in Kids: Pilot Intervention of Melatonin
Oregon Health and Science University
21
2023
Sleep Disturbances Scale for Children
Melatonin for Nocturia in Parkinson's Disease
University College, London
20
2015
Change in bother related to nocturia as measured by a standardised validated questionnaire(ICIQ-N)
Melatonin As A Novel Neuroprotectant In Preterm Infants- Dosage Study
Imperial College London
18
2010
To Find the Dose of Melatonin Required to Achieve Physiological Blood Levels in the Preterm Infants Similar to That of the Mother.
Efficacy and Safety of Circadin for Non-24 Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder in Totally Blind Subjects
Neurim Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
13
2006
Total sleep time
Pilot Study of Melatonin and Epilepsy
Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati
11
2011
Sleep Latency Wakefulness After Sleep Onset (WASO)
Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess Efficacy of Melatonin for Children During Burn Rehabilitation
Shriners Hospitals for Children
10
2014
sleep
Melatonin and Ulcerative Colitis: A Pilot Clinical Trial
Emory University
3
2009
To Estimate Treatment Effect of 12 Weeks of 5 mg/Day Supplementation With Melatonin on UC Remission, and to Use the Estimate of This Effect and Its Variability to Calculate the Sample Size Needed for a Presumably Larger and More Definitive Trial.
Rivastigmine Patch Compared to Melatonin Patch in Prevention of Postoperative Delirium
Ain Shams University
180
2019
compare between the two groups regarding the incidence of developing Delirium among the elderly patients
Efficacy Of Oral Melatonin To Prevent Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Ilocos Training and Regional Medical Center
100
2021
Number Of Preterm Infants Who Developed Necrotizing Enterocolits After Melatonin 6mg Tablet Prophylaxis
Evaluation of Anxiolysis and Pain Associated With Retrobulbar Eye Block for Cataract Surgery : Melatonin Versus Gabapentin
Qazvin University Of Medical Sciences
90
2010
pain will be assessed by verbal pain score (VPS) of 10 (0 = no pain and 10 = worst pain imaginable)
The Adjunctive Use of Melatonin Therapy in the Treatment of Obese Periodontitis Patients (Clinical and Immunological Study).
University of Baghdad
80
2021
measurement of clinical periodontal parameters
Melatonin in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Mansoura University
80
2025
Response type to chemotherapy using Residual Cancer Burden (RCB) index.
The Role of Melatonin as an Adjuvant Therapy in Childhood Pneumonia
Mian Muhammad Hassan Ahmed
60
2025
Length of hospital stay
Acute Metabolic Effects of Melatonin Treatment
University of Aarhus
36
2017
Insulin sensitivity
Safety and Efficacy of Melatonin in Patients With Multiple Progressive Primary Sclerosis
Fundación Pública Andaluza para la gestión de la Investigación en Sevilla
25
2019
Rates of neurological impairment
Melatonin Effects on Luteinizing Hormone
Scripps Health
20
2004
Hot flashes log
Pharmacokinetics of Melatonin Niosomes Oral Gel in Healthy Volunteers
Khon Kaen University
15
2016
Concentration-time profile after 2.5, 5, and 10 mg Melatonin niosomes (MN) oral gel single dose administration
Immediate or Delayed Naturopathic Medicine in Combination With Neo-Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer
Midwestern Regional Medical Center
5
2016
Subject Reported Quality of Life Score
Melatonin Use After Primary Total Joint Arthroplasty
NYU Langone Health
294
2021
Change in Sleep Disturbance as Measured by Epworth Sleep Score (ESS)
Melatonin and Perinatal Outcomes in MVM-Related Fetal Growth Restriction (MIMVMFGR)
Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
240
2023
IUFD and neonatal death
Multiple Dose Study Of BIIB118 (PF-05251749) In Healthy Volunteers
Biogen
97
2016
Change From Baseline for Bond and Lader Visual Analogue Scale (BL-VAS) on Days 1, 4, 7, 10, 14, 15 and 16 - Alertness
The Effect of Melatonin on Postoperative Pain Reduction After Orthognathic Surgery
The University of Hong Kong
87
2022
Subjective pain perception
Comparison Between Oral Melatonin and Hydroxyzine in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Adenotonsillectomy
Minia University
78
2023
Ease of parenteral separation.
Oral Melatonin as Premedication During MAC for Patients Undergoing Loco-regional Chronic Subdural Hematoma Evacuation
Cairo University
40
2018
To compare propofol consumption among both groups.
Effectiveness of Topical Application of Melatonin On Bone Density and Implant Stability In Immediate Implantation
University of Baghdad
25
2025
Change in crestal bone level around dental implants
Treatment Strategies for Children With Smith-Magenis Syndrome
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
23
2007
Change in level of melatonin (pg/ml) from baseline
The Sun Protective Effect of Melatonin
Herlev Hospital
22
2013
Reduction of erythema assessed by digital image analysis (Image J) after treatment with melatonin/placebo before sun exposure.
Melatonin in Healthy Volunteers
University of Aberdeen
20
2012
Number of participants in each dose group with adverse events
Assessment of the Pharmacokinetics of Circadin® in Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Sleep Disturbances
Neurim Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
16
2013
baseline profile of endogenous saliva melatonin concentrations and urine 6-SMT excretion
Study to Investigate the Effects of Melatonin, Temazepam & Zolpidem on Sleep EEG in Men and Women
University of Surrey
16
2009
EEG Power density in slow wave frequencies during NREM sleep
The Role of Melatonin in the Regulation of Blood Coagulation
University of Oslo
12
2012
Circadian variation of hemostatic factors
Phase I Dose Finding Study for Melatonin in Pediatric Oncology Patients With Relapsed Solid Tumors
C17 Council
9
2013
Maximum tolerated daily dose of melatonin.
Melatonin Postoperative Sleep Study in Breast Cancer Patients
M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
4
2004
Objective Sleep Response of Patients
Synchronization and Desynchronization Between Circadian Rhythms in Patients With Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS)
Sheba Medical Center
The Effect of Dexmedetomidine, Melatonin and Pregabalin
Egymedicalpedia
120
2023
Pain Relieve
Melatonin Versus Placebo in Breast Cancer
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
95
2006
Absolute Plasma Estradiol Levels After 4 Month Course of Melatonin or Placebo
Melatonin as a Neuroprotective Therapy in Neonates With HIE Undergoing Hypothermia
University of Florida
70
2016
To identify the maximum tolerated dose of Melatonin
Melatonin's Effects on Treatment Of Diabetes Mellitus
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
60
2019
Fasting blood sugar (FBS)
Effect of Melatonin on Postoperative Pain After Simple Nephrectomy
Cairo University
40
2025
Pain score (VAS) at 24 h postoperatively
Melatonin and Osteogenic Loading on Osteopenia
Duquesne University
40
2020
Bone mineral density
Melatonin in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (MS).
Providence Health & Services
30
2018
Urine Melatonin Levels
The Effect of Melatonin on Early Signs of Hypertension in Teenagers With Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
Sheba Medical Center
30
2016
blood pressure monitoring , pre and post treatment with melatonin
The Role of Preoperative Melatonin in Reducing the Inhaled Isoflurane Requirements in Open Nephrectomy
Cairo University
30
2021
Inhaled isoflurane requirement (volume%) to maintain entropy readings 40-60
Effects of Selenium and Melatonin on Ocular Ischemic Syndrome
Beytepe Murat Erdi Eker State Hospital
28
2014
To determine the effects of selenium on anterior chamber (AC ) malondialdehyde (MDA) and AC glutathione (GSH) levels in patients with Ocular ischemic syndrome
Melatonin Replacement Therapy in Pinealectomized Patients
University of Sao Paulo
5
2017
cardiac autonomic function - heart rate variability
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