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GLP-1

Glucagon-like peptide-1 · GLP-1(7-36)amide

Metabolic & WeightApproved
From$2.25/mgCompare prices
MW
3297.6g/mol
Formula
C149H226N40O45

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an endogenous incretin hormone classified as a member of the glucagon family of peptides, primarily secreted by the intestinal L-cells in response to food intake. Researchers primarily study GLP-1 for its role in regulating glucose metabolism and its potential effects on weight management and obesity. Key findings from recent studies indicate that GLP-1 receptor agonists can promote significant weight loss and improve metabolic parameters, such as insulin sensitivity and blood pressure, in both preclinical models and clinical trials. Additionally, emerging evidence highlights GLP-1's anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting a broader therapeutic potential beyond glucose regulation. Current research continues to explore GLP-1's multifaceted roles, particularly in the context of obesity and related metabolic disorders.

Chemical Profile

Chemical Profile

Chemical structure
Chemical Structure
FormulaC149H226N40O45
Molecular Weight3297.6 g/mol
CAS Number89750-14-1
PubChem CID16133831
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL1240772

Half-Life

SCSubcutaneous

~4 hours for analogs

IVIntravenous

~1-2 minutes

INIntranasal

Not applicable

POOral

Poor bioavailability

Native GLP-1 is rapidly degraded by DPP-4, leading to a short half-life.

Mechanism

Mechanism of Action

GLP-1 exerts its effects primarily through the activation of the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R), a class B G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), which initiates signaling via the cAMP/PKA pathway, leading to increased insulin secretion and decreased glucagon release from pancreatic β-cells. Additionally, GLP-1R activation promotes satiety and weight loss through central nervous system pathways, enhances insulin sensitivity, and exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, although the complete mechanistic details remain to be fully elucidated. The receptor is also implicated in various biological processes, including cardiovascular protection and modulation of renal function, highlighting its pleiotropic effects.

Research

121 Research Publications

8,570

Total Citations

16

Human/RCT

8.0

Avg. Influence

2024

Latest

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#01

GLP-1 receptor agonists for individualized treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

ReviewInfluence76.0
1279
The study demonstrated that various GLP-1 receptor agonists exhibit distinct pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, allowing for individualized treatment strategies in type 2 diabetes management.
10 nmol/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)10 weeks0.026 mg/kgsubcutaneous(rat)not mentioned0.056 mg/kgsubcutaneous(rat)not mentioned0.078 mg/kgsubcutaneous(rat)not mentioned
PubMed
#02

GLP-1 receptor localization in monkey and human tissue: novel distribution revealed with extensively validated monoclonal antibody.

AnimalInfluence32.0
825
Researchers observed distinct GLP-1 receptor localization in human and monkey tissues, revealing predominant expression in pancreatic β-cells and smooth muscle cells of arteries, which enhances understanding of GLP-1 analogs' mechanisms.
PubMed
#03

GLP-1 agonism stimulates brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and browning through hypothalamic AMPK.

AnimalInfluence27.0
579
Researchers observed that central administration of the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide stimulates brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and browning via AMPK activation in the hypothalamus, contributing to weight loss.
10 nmol/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)10 weeks0.026 mg/kgsubcutaneous(rat)not mentioned0.056 mg/kgsubcutaneous(rat)not mentioned0.078 mg/kgsubcutaneous(rat)not mentioned
PubMed
#04

GLP-1 neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract project directly to the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens to control for food intake.

AnimalInfluence59.0
493
The study demonstrated that GLP-1 neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract project to the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens, mediating food intake control through GLP-1 receptor activation.
PubMed
#05

Peptide-based probes for cancer imaging.

ReviewInfluence9.0
280
The study demonstrated that peptide-based probes, including GLP-1 analogs, are being developed for cancer imaging due to their ability to target overexpressed receptors in tumors.
PubMed
#06

Emerging Role of GLP-1 Agonists in Obesity: A Comprehensive Review of Randomised Controlled Trials.

ReviewInfluence9.0
259
The review highlighted that GLP-1 agonists are effective in promoting weight loss and improving various metabolic parameters in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients based on numerous randomized controlled trials.
1.7 mgsubcutaneously(human)72 weeks2.4 mgsubcutaneously(human)72 weeks5 mgsubcutaneously(human)40 weeks10 mgsubcutaneously(human)40 weeks15 mgsubcutaneously(human)40 weeks1 mgsubcutaneously(human)40 weeks2.4 mgsubcutaneously(human)68 weeks0.5 mgsubcutaneous(human)30 weeks1.0 mgsubcutaneous(human)30 weeks14 mgoral(human)not mentioned
PubMed
#07

Glucagon-like peptide-1: a multi-faceted anti-inflammatory agent.

Mehdi Syed Faizan, et al. · Frontiers in immunology · 2023

ReviewInfluence4.0
251
The review explored the emerging anti-inflammatory properties of GLP-1, linking its levels to disease severity and suggesting its potential role in reducing inflammation in chronic conditions.

Key findings

  1. 01Researchers found that GLP-1 levels are often elevated in inflammatory conditions and correlate with disease severity.
  2. 02The study highlighted GLP-1's role as an adjuvant therapy in managing type-2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome by lowering inflammation.
  3. 03Researchers observed that GLP-1 may protect cells in the cardiovascular and nervous systems by reducing cell damage and death.
5 mg/kgnot mentioned(mouse)not mentioned12.5 ngi.c.v.(not mentioned)not mentioned1 µgnot mentioned(not mentioned)not mentioned1 µgnot mentioned(not mentioned)not mentioned0.1 µgnot mentioned(not mentioned)not mentioned
PubMed
#08

A review of GLP-1 receptor agonists: Evolution and advancement, through the lens of randomised controlled trials.

ReviewInfluence17.0
245
The study demonstrated that GLP-1 receptor agonists significantly improve glycemic control and facilitate weight loss with minimal hypoglycemia risk, supported by extensive randomized controlled trial data.
PubMed
#09

Differential GLP-1R Binding and Activation by Peptide and Non-peptide Agonists.

AnimalInfluence16.0
188
The study demonstrated that the non-peptide agonist PF 06882961 mimics GLP-1's pharmacological properties by overlapping binding sites and signaling mechanisms, unlike the compound CHU-128.
PubMed
#10

A GIPR antagonist conjugated to GLP-1 analogues promotes weight loss with improved metabolic parameters in preclinical and phase 1 settings.

HumanInfluence15.0
176
The study demonstrated that AMG 133, a bispecific molecule combining a GIPR antagonist and GLP-1 analogues, promotes significant weight loss and improves metabolic parameters in male obese mice and cynomolgus monkeys.
PubMed
Safety

Safety & Handling

Research Gaps

The long-term effects of GLP-1 agonists on weight maintenance and metabolic parameters beyond 150 days post-treatment remain unclear, as current studies primarily focus on short-term outcomes. Additionally, the specific molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory properties of GLP-1 and its interactions with other inflammatory mediators have not been fully elucidated, warranting further investigation.

Solubility

GLP-1 is soluble in water and aqueous buffers.

Storage & Handling

Lyophilized

Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C

Reconstituted

Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C

Avoid

Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light

Solvent

Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended

Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.

Legal Status

Legal Status

🇩🇪DE

Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.

🇺🇸US

GLP-1 analogs are FDA approved for type 2 diabetes treatment. Native GLP-1 is not used therapeutically.

🇦🇺AU

GLP-1 analogs are scheduled by the TGA for therapeutic use in diabetes.

🇬🇧UK

GLP-1 analogs are approved by the MHRA for use in managing type 2 diabetes.

Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.

Community Insights

Community Insights

Publications per Year

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Pricing

Price Comparison

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Mechanism

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Mechanism

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Legal Disclaimer

This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer