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GLP-1

Glucagon-like peptide-1 · GLP-1(7-36)amide

Metabolic & WeightApproved
From$2.00/mgCompare prices
MW
3297.6g/mol
Formula
C149H226N40O45

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an endogenous incretin hormone derived from the proglucagon gene, primarily secreted by the intestinal L-cells in response to food intake. Researchers primarily study GLP-1 for its role in glucose metabolism and its potential in managing obesity and type 2 diabetes. Key findings from numerous studies indicate that GLP-1 receptor agonists can promote significant weight loss and improve metabolic parameters, such as insulin sensitivity and blood glucose levels. Additionally, preclinical evidence suggests that GLP-1 exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to cardiovascular and neurological protection. Current research continues to explore the therapeutic potential of GLP-1 and its analogs, particularly in the context of obesity and related metabolic disorders.

Chemical Profile

Chemical Profile

Chemical structure
Chemical Structure
FormulaC149H226N40O45
Molecular Weight3297.6 g/mol
CAS Number89750-14-1
PubChem CID16133831
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL1240772

Half-Life

SCSubcutaneous

~4 hours for analogs

IVIntravenous

~1-2 minutes

INIntranasal

Not applicable

POOral

Poor bioavailability

Native GLP-1 is rapidly degraded by DPP-4, leading to a short half-life.

Mechanism

Mechanism of Action

GLP-1 exerts its effects primarily through the activation of the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R), a class B1 G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), leading to the stimulation of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. This activation enhances insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner, suppresses glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, and promotes satiety, thereby contributing to weight loss and improved glycemic control. The precise molecular mechanisms underlying some of GLP-1's actions, particularly its anti-inflammatory effects and potential neuroprotective roles, remain incompletely understood.

Research

72 Research Publications

6,206

Total Citations

12

Human/RCT

6.8

Avg. Influence

2024

Latest

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#01

GLP-1 receptor agonists for individualized treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

ReviewInfluence75.0
1242
The study demonstrated that various GLP-1 receptor agonists exhibit distinct pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, allowing for tailored treatment strategies for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
10 nmol/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)10 weeks
PubMed
#02

GLP-1 receptor localization in monkey and human tissue: novel distribution revealed with extensively validated monoclonal antibody.

In VitroInfluence30.0
778
Researchers observed that GLP-1 receptors are predominantly localized in pancreatic β-cells and smooth muscle cells of arteries in humans and monkeys, providing insights into the action of GLP-1 analogs.
PubMed
#03

GLP-1 agonism stimulates brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and browning through hypothalamic AMPK.

AnimalInfluence28.0
560
The study demonstrated that central administration of liraglutide stimulates brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and browning through hypothalamic AMPK activation in mice.
10 nmol/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)10 weeks
PubMed
#04

A review of GLP-1 receptor agonists: Evolution and advancement, through the lens of randomised controlled trials.

ReviewInfluence17.0
242
The review demonstrated that GLP-1 receptor agonists show high efficacy in glycemic control and weight loss, with minimal hypoglycemia risk, supported by extensive randomized controlled trial data.
PubMed
#05

Glucagon-like peptide-1: a multi-faceted anti-inflammatory agent.

Mehdi Syed Faizan, et al. · Frontiers in immunology · 2023

ReviewInfluence2.0
211
Researchers observed that GLP-1 possesses anti-inflammatory properties and may serve as a useful adjuvant therapy in conditions such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.

Key findings

  1. 01Researchers found that GLP-1 levels are often elevated in inflammatory conditions and correlate with disease severity.
  2. 02The study highlighted GLP-1's role as an adjuvant therapy in managing type-2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome by lowering inflammation.
  3. 03Researchers observed that GLP-1 may protect cells in the cardiovascular and nervous systems by reducing cell damage and death.
12.5 ngi.c.v.(rabbit)200 ngintracerebral ventricle(rabbit)100 pmol g-1 body weightintraperitoneal(goldfish)50 pmol g-1 BWintracerebroventricular(goldfish)160 nmol g-1 BWintraperitoneal(goldfish)
PubMed
#06

Crystal structure of the GLP-1 receptor bound to a peptide agonist.

In VitroInfluence9.0
170
The study demonstrated the crystal structure of the GLP-1 receptor bound to a peptide agonist, providing insights into its active conformation and potential for drug design.
PubMed
#07

Differential GLP-1R Binding and Activation by Peptide and Non-peptide Agonists.

In VitroInfluence12.0
166
Researchers observed that the non-peptide agonist PF 06882961 exhibits overlapping signaling with GLP-1 at the GLP-1 receptor, which may inform the development of new non-peptide drugs.
PubMed
#08

The role of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in addictive disorders.

Klausen Mette Kruse, et al. · British journal of pharmacology · 2022

ReviewInfluence6.0
156
Researchers reviewed the role of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in addressing addictive disorders like drug, alcohol, and tobacco use. They found that GLP-1 receptor agonists, which are used for diabetes and obesity, may reduce substance intake based on studies in animals, and clinical trials are underway to explore these effects in humans.

Key findings

  1. 01GLP-1 is linked to reduced appetite and may influence addictive behaviors.
  2. 02Animal studies showed that GLP-1 receptor agonists decreased alcohol and drug consumption.
  3. 03The potential effects of GLP-1 on addiction may involve dopamine signaling, but more research is needed to clarify the mechanisms.
PubMed
#09

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) as a new therapeutic approach for type 2-diabetes.

HumanInfluence9.0
154
Researchers observed that exogenous GLP-1 administration normalizes fasting hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes patients by enhancing insulin secretion and reducing glucagon levels.
PubMed
#10

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: differences and similarities.

ReviewInfluence10.0
143
Researchers observed that GLP-1 receptor agonists, while based on native GLP-1, exhibit significant differences in structure and pharmacokinetics, influencing their clinical effects in managing type 2 diabetes.
PubMed
Safety

Safety & Handling

Research Gaps

While several studies highlight the effectiveness of GLP-1 agonists in promoting weight loss and improving metabolic parameters, there is a lack of comprehensive long-term human trials assessing the sustained effects and safety of these treatments beyond 150 days. Additionally, the precise mechanisms underlying the differential binding and activation of GLP-1 receptors by various agonists, particularly non-peptide compounds, remain unclear and warrant further investigation.

Solubility

GLP-1 is soluble in water and aqueous buffers.

Storage & Handling

Lyophilized

Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C

Reconstituted

Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C

Avoid

Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light

Solvent

Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended

Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.

Legal Status

Legal Status

🇩🇪DE

Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.

🇺🇸US

GLP-1 analogs are FDA approved for type 2 diabetes treatment. Native GLP-1 is not used therapeutically.

🇦🇺AU

GLP-1 analogs are scheduled by the TGA for therapeutic use in diabetes.

🇬🇧UK

GLP-1 analogs are approved by the MHRA for use in managing type 2 diabetes.

Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.

Community Insights

Community Insights

Publications per Year

46 total
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Pricing

Price Comparison

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    $120.00
    Price/mg
    $2.00/mg
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    Price/mg
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  • crownwellresearch.comUS
    30mg
    $90.00
    Price/mg
    $3.00/mg
    View
  • Peptide CraftersUS
    70mg
    $250.00
    Price/mg
    $3.57/mg
    View
  • crownwellresearch.comUS
    10mg
    $49.00
    Price/mg
    $4.90/mg
    View

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Mechanism

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Mechanism

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Legal Disclaimer

This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer