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GLP-1

Glucagon-like peptide-1 · GLP-1(7-36)amide

Metabolic & WeightApproved
From$2.23/mgCompare prices
MW
3297.6g/mol
Formula
C149H226N40O45

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an endogenous incretin hormone classified as a member of the incretin family, primarily secreted by the intestinal L-cells in response to nutrient intake. Researchers primarily study GLP-1 for its role in regulating glucose metabolism and its potential in managing obesity and type 2 diabetes. Key findings from numerous studies indicate that GLP-1 agonists can promote significant weight loss and improve metabolic parameters, such as insulin sensitivity and blood pressure, while also exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, preclinical evidence suggests that GLP-1 receptor activation influences energy expenditure and thermogenesis, highlighting its multifaceted role in metabolic regulation. Current research is focused on exploring novel GLP-1-based therapies, including bispecific peptides, to enhance weight loss outcomes and metabolic health in diverse populations.

Chemical Profile

Chemical Profile

Chemical structure
Chemical Structure
FormulaC149H226N40O45
Molecular Weight3297.6 g/mol
CAS Number89750-14-1
PubChem CID16133831
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL1240772

Half-Life

SCSubcutaneous

~4 hours for analogs

IVIntravenous

~1-2 minutes

INIntranasal

Not applicable

POOral

Poor bioavailability

Native GLP-1 is rapidly degraded by DPP-4, leading to a short half-life.

Mechanism

Mechanism of Action

GLP-1 acts primarily through the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), a class B G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), activating signaling pathways such as the cAMP/PKA pathway and the AMPK pathway, which are involved in insulin secretion, appetite regulation, and energy expenditure. This receptor activation leads to enhanced glucose-dependent insulin secretion, reduced glucagon release, and increased satiety, contributing to weight loss and improved metabolic parameters. While the exact mechanisms, particularly in relation to hypothalamic regulation and thermogenesis, are still being elucidated, GLP-1's role in modulating these processes is well-supported by current research.

Research

83 Research Publications

7,101

Total Citations

12

Human/RCT

6.6

Avg. Influence

2024

Latest

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#01

GLP-1 receptor agonists for individualized treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

ReviewInfluence76.0
1256
The study demonstrated that GLP-1 receptor agonists can be categorized into short-acting and long-acting compounds, each with distinct pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles affecting glucose control and appetite suppression.
10 nmol/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)10 weeks100 μgsubcutaneous(human)54 weeks200 μgsubcutaneous(human)54 weeks300 μgsubcutaneous(human)54 weeks1.8 mgsubcutaneous(human)54 weeks
PubMed
#02

GLP-1 receptor localization in monkey and human tissue: novel distribution revealed with extensively validated monoclonal antibody.

In VitroInfluence30.0
792
Researchers observed that GLP-1 receptors are predominantly localized in pancreatic β-cells and smooth muscle cells in humans and monkeys, providing insights into the mechanisms of GLP-1 analogs in diabetes treatment.
PubMed
#03

GLP-1 agonism stimulates brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and browning through hypothalamic AMPK.

AnimalInfluence28.0
569
Researchers observed that central administration of the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide stimulates brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and adipocyte browning in mice, indicating a mechanism for weight regulation independent of food intake.
10 nmol/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)10 weeks100 μgsubcutaneous(human)54 weeks200 μgsubcutaneous(human)54 weeks300 μgsubcutaneous(human)54 weeks1.8 mgsubcutaneous(human)54 weeks
PubMed
#04

A review of GLP-1 receptor agonists: Evolution and advancement, through the lens of randomised controlled trials.

ReviewInfluence17.0
244
Researchers observed that GLP-1 receptor agonists show high glycemic efficacy and potential cardiovascular benefits, with individual differences allowing for tailored diabetes management strategies.
PubMed
#05

Emerging Role of GLP-1 Agonists in Obesity: A Comprehensive Review of Randomised Controlled Trials.

ReviewInfluence8.0
240
The review highlighted that GLP-1 agonists effectively promote weight loss and improve various metabolic parameters in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients based on numerous randomized controlled trials.
10 nmol/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)10 weeks100 μgsubcutaneous(human)54 weeks200 μgsubcutaneous(human)54 weeks300 μgsubcutaneous(human)54 weeks1.8 mgsubcutaneous(human)54 weeks
PubMed
#06

Glucagon-like peptide-1: a multi-faceted anti-inflammatory agent.

Mehdi Syed Faizan, et al. · Frontiers in immunology · 2023

ReviewInfluence3.0
224
The review explored that GLP-1 exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, providing potential benefits in managing conditions like type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome through inflammation reduction.

Key findings

  1. 01Researchers found that GLP-1 levels are often elevated in inflammatory conditions and correlate with disease severity.
  2. 02The study highlighted GLP-1's role as an adjuvant therapy in managing type-2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome by lowering inflammation.
  3. 03Researchers observed that GLP-1 may protect cells in the cardiovascular and nervous systems by reducing cell damage and death.
12.5 ngi.c.v.(rabbit)200 ngintracerebral ventricle(rabbit)100 pmol g-1 body weightintraperitoneal(goldfish)50 pmol g-1 BWintracerebroventricular(goldfish)160 nmol g-1 BWintraperitoneal(goldfish)
PubMed
#07

Differential GLP-1R Binding and Activation by Peptide and Non-peptide Agonists.

In VitroInfluence14.0
171
The study demonstrated that the non-peptide agonist PF 06882961 mimics GLP-1 receptor signaling through overlapping binding sites, offering insights for the development of orally delivered GLP-1 receptor-targeting drugs.
PubMed
#08

Crystal structure of the GLP-1 receptor bound to a peptide agonist.

In VitroInfluence9.0
170
The study demonstrated the crystal structure of the GLP-1 receptor bound to a peptide agonist, providing insights into its active conformation and potential for drug design.
PubMed
#09

A GIPR antagonist conjugated to GLP-1 analogues promotes weight loss with improved metabolic parameters in preclinical and phase 1 settings.

AnimalInfluence10.0
156
The study demonstrated that AMG 133, a bispecific molecule combining a GIPR antagonist and GLP-1 analogues, promotes significant weight loss and improves metabolic parameters in male obese mice and cynomolgus monkeys.
PubMed
#10

The role of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in addictive disorders.

Klausen Mette Kruse, et al. · British journal of pharmacology · 2022

ReviewInfluence6.0
156
Researchers reviewed the role of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in addressing addictive disorders like drug, alcohol, and tobacco use. They found that GLP-1 receptor agonists, which are used for diabetes and obesity, may reduce substance intake based on studies in animals, and clinical trials are underway to explore these effects in humans.

Key findings

  1. 01GLP-1 is linked to reduced appetite and may influence addictive behaviors.
  2. 02Animal studies showed that GLP-1 receptor agonists decreased alcohol and drug consumption.
  3. 03The potential effects of GLP-1 on addiction may involve dopamine signaling, but more research is needed to clarify the mechanisms.
PubMed
Safety

Safety & Handling

Research Gaps

The precise molecular mechanisms by which GLP-1 and its analogs influence adipose tissue and brain interactions remain largely unknown, particularly regarding the specific hypothalamic areas involved beyond the ventromedial nucleus. Additionally, while short-term effects of GLP-1 agonists on weight loss and metabolic parameters have been documented, the long-term effects and safety profiles of these therapies in diverse human populations are not yet fully understood.

Solubility

GLP-1 is soluble in water and aqueous buffers.

Storage & Handling

Lyophilized

Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C

Reconstituted

Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C

Avoid

Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light

Solvent

Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended

Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.

Legal Status

Legal Status

🇩🇪DE

Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.

🇺🇸US

GLP-1 analogs are FDA approved for type 2 diabetes treatment. Native GLP-1 is not used therapeutically.

🇦🇺AU

GLP-1 analogs are scheduled by the TGA for therapeutic use in diabetes.

🇬🇧UK

GLP-1 analogs are approved by the MHRA for use in managing type 2 diabetes.

Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.

Community Insights

Community Insights

Publications per Year

48 total
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Pricing

Price Comparison

  • BESTcrownwellresearch.comUS
    30mg
    $67.00
    Price/mg
    $2.23/mg
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  • Peptide CraftersUS
    120mg
    $299.00
    Price/mg
    $2.49/mg
    View
  • Peptide CraftersUS
    100mg
    $280.00
    Price/mg
    $2.80/mg
    View
  • Peptide CraftersUS
    80mg
    $260.00
    Price/mg
    $3.25/mg
    View
  • Peptide CraftersUS
    70mg
    $245.00
    Price/mg
    $3.50/mg
    View

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Mechanism

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Mechanism

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Legal Disclaimer

This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer