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Thymalin

Immune System
Thymus peptideTyr-Glu-Gly-Cys-Ser-Ser-Asp-Gly-Pro-Cys-Tyr

Overview

Thymalin, also known as Thymus peptide, is a synthetic peptide composed of the amino acids Tyr-Glu-Gly-Cys-Ser-Ser-Asp-Gly-Pro-Cys-Tyr. It is derived from the thymus gland and is structurally characterized by its sequence of ten amino acids. The synthesis of Thymalin involves solid-phase peptide synthesis techniques, which allow for precise assembly of its amino acid sequence. Researchers have primarily focused on Thymalin's role in modulating the immune system. Studies have observed that Thymalin can enhance immune responses, potentially aiding in the recovery of immune function in immunocompromised individuals. It has been investigated for its effects on cellular immunity, including the stimulation of T-cell activity and the regulation of cytokine production. The mechanism of action of Thymalin is thought to involve the modulation of immune cell activity. Researchers have found that it may interact with specific receptors on immune cells, leading to the activation of signaling pathways that enhance immune responses. This includes the upregulation of T-cell function and the modulation of cytokine release, which are crucial for effective immune regulation. Pharmacokinetically, Thymalin's properties such as half-life, stability, and bioavailability vary depending on the route of administration. However, detailed pharmacokinetic data is limited. Researchers have noted that its stability in biological systems and its bioavailability when administered via different routes require further investigation. Currently, Thymalin is primarily a subject of research and is not widely approved for clinical use. Its regulatory status varies by country, and it is often available as a research chemical. Ongoing studies continue to explore its potential therapeutic applications and safety profile.

Mechanism of Action

Thymalin is believed to exert its effects by interacting with receptors on immune cells, leading to the activation of intracellular signaling pathways. This interaction enhances T-cell activity and modulates cytokine production, contributing to its immunomodulatory effects.

Molecular Data

FormulaC33H54N12O15
Molecular Weight858.9 g/mol
CAS Number63958-90-7
PubChem CID3085284

Half-Life

IntranasalNot applicable
OralPoor bioavailability

Detailed pharmacokinetic data is limited, and further studies are needed to elucidate the half-life and bioavailability of Thymalin.

Storage

Lyophilized

Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C

Reconstituted

Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C

Avoid

Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light

Solvent

Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended

Solubility

Thymalin is soluble in water but has limited solubility in organic solvents like acetonitrile and DMSO.

Legal Status

🇩🇪DE

Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.

🇺🇸US

Not approved by the FDA as a medicinal product. Not scheduled by the DEA.

🇦🇺AU

Not listed in the TGA schedules. Considered a research chemical.

🇬🇧UK

Not approved by the MHRA as a medicinal product. Available for research purposes.

Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.

9 Research Publications

Reparative osteogenesis in mandible in cases of filling a bone defect with hydroxyapatite-containing osteotropic material and injecting the surrounding soft tissues with thymalin: experimental and morphological study.

Human

Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960) · 2024

Researchers studied how to improve bone healing in the lower jaw of rats by using a special bone graft and a substance called thymalin. They found that combining these two treatments significantly enhanced the bone regeneration process.

  • Researchers observed that filling bone defects with hydroxyapatite-containing material and injecting thymalin stimulated bone healing.
  • The study noted a rapid cleaning of the defect area and improved immune response during the healing process.
  • Researchers found that this combination treatment activated important processes in bone tissue regeneration, suggesting its potential use in dental procedures.
PubMed

The Influence of KE and EW Dipeptides in the Composition of the Thymalin Drug on Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis Involved in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19.

Human

International journal of molecular sciences · 2023

Researchers studied the effects of two specific dipeptides, KE and EW, found in the immunomodulatory drug Thymalin, on gene expression and protein synthesis related to COVID-19. They observed that these dipeptides may enhance immune responses and influence inflammation pathways associated with the disease.

  • Researchers found that KE dipeptide stimulates cellular immunity and activates immune cells.
  • The EW dipeptide was observed to inhibit a protein that plays a role in COVID-19 infection.
  • Molecular modeling indicated specific DNA sequences that interact with the EW and KE dipeptides, suggesting potential targets for immune modulation.
PubMed

[Morphological compound and indicators of the blood clotting system in severe COVID-19 patients of middle aged and elderly during treatment of Tocilizumab and Thymalin.].

Human

Advances in gerontology = Uspekhi gerontologii · 2022

Researchers studied the effects of two treatments, Tocilizumab and Thymalin, on blood clotting in middle-aged and elderly patients with severe COVID-19. They found that Thymalin showed more favorable outcomes in reducing hospital mortality and improving blood clotting indicators compared to Tocilizumab.

  • Hospital mortality rates were 40.9% for standard therapy, 28.4% for Tocilizumab, and 20.6% for Thymalin.
  • Thymalin significantly increased lymphocyte and monocyte counts while reducing harmful blood clotting indicators.
  • Tocilizumab increased platelet counts but also indicated a potential risk for unfavorable COVID-19 outcomes.
PubMed

Results and Prospects of Using Activator of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation in Complex Therapy for Patients with COVID-19.

Human

Stem cell reviews and reports · 2021

Researchers studied the effects of a peptide drug called thymalin in patients with COVID-19 as part of their treatment. They found that adding thymalin to standard therapy led to a quicker reduction in inflammatory markers and helped lower the risk of blood clots in these patients.

  • Researchers observed that standard treatment reduced levels of inflammatory markers like IL-6 and C-reactive protein.
  • The addition of thymalin accelerated the decline of these inflammatory markers and improved T cell function.
  • This study suggests that thymalin could be beneficial in the complex treatment of COVID-19.
PubMed

Thymalin: Activation of Differentiation of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells.

Unknown

Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2020

Researchers studied the effects of thymalin, a substance from the thymus gland, on human hematopoietic stem cells, which are crucial for immune function. They found that thymalin increased the expression of a marker associated with mature immune cells while reducing markers linked to stem cells, suggesting it promotes the development of immune cells that can fight infections like COVID-19.

  • Researchers observed that thymalin increased the expression of CD28, a marker of mature T lymphocytes, by 6.8 times.
  • The study found that thymalin reduced the expression of CD44 and CD117, markers associated with stem cells, by 2-3 times.
  • These findings suggest that thymalin may stimulate the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into functional immune cells.
PubMed

Effect of Thymalin on the Tumor and Thymus under Conditions of Activation Therapy In Vivo.

Animal

Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2018

Researchers studied the effects of Thymalin on tumor growth and the thymus gland in rats with a specific type of cancer. They found that lower doses of Thymalin significantly slowed tumor growth and even caused regression in many cases, while also enhancing immune activity in the thymus.

  • Researchers observed that Thymalin led to tumor growth arrest or regression in over half of the rats studied.
  • The study noted a 78% suppression of tumor growth in other cases.
  • Significant increases in immune cell activity were detected in the thymus, indicating enhanced immune responses.
PubMed

[Geroprotective effect of thymalin and epithalamin].

Review

Advances in gerontology = Uspekhi gerontologii · 2002

Researchers observed the effects of two peptide bioregulators, Thymalin and Epithalamin, on the health of 266 elderly individuals over 6-8 years. The study found that these bioregulators improved various bodily functions and significantly reduced the incidence of several age-related diseases, leading to lower mortality rates among treated patients.

  • The use of Thymalin and Epithalamin improved cardiovascular, endocrine, immune, and nervous system functions.
  • Patients treated with these bioregulators experienced a 2.0-2.4-fold decrease in acute respiratory diseases and other health issues compared to a control group.
  • A specific group receiving combined treatment for six years showed a 4.1-fold reduction in mortality compared to the control level.
PubMed

The antimycobacterial activity of a peptide preparation derived from calf thymus.

In Vitro

The Journal of experimental medicine · 1954

Researchers found a peptide derived from calf thymus that shows strong ability to inhibit the growth of certain bacteria related to tuberculosis in lab settings. This peptide, called thymus peptide, was effective at specific concentrations but less so in acidic conditions or when mixed with certain other substances. Similar peptides were also found in other animal tissues.

  • Thymus peptide effectively inhibits the growth of various strains of mammalian mycobacteria at specific concentrations.
  • The effectiveness of thymus peptide decreases in acidic environments and when combined with certain other substances.
  • Similar peptides can be extracted from other animal tissues, but not from calf lung or liver.
PubMed

Chemical studies on a basic peptide preparation derived from calf thymus.

In Vitro

The Journal of experimental medicine · 1954

Researchers studied a peptide preparation derived from calf thymus and found that it has antimycobacterial activity under certain laboratory conditions. The activity is linked to specific basic peptides, particularly rich in lysine and arginine, although the preparation is not completely uniform.

  • The thymus peptide preparation shows antimycobacterial activity in vitro.
  • It consists mainly of basic peptides, with lysine and arginine making up about 40% of its weight.
  • The peptide's activity is sensitive to acid and alkaline conditions but remains stable in the presence of pepsin.
PubMed

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This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature. Nothing on this page constitutes medical advice or replaces consultation with a qualified healthcare professional.