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Thymosin Beta-4 Sulfoxide

Tß4 Sulfoxide · TB4-SO

Wound Healing & RegenerationPreclinical

Thymosin Beta-4 sulfoxide is a modified peptide derived from thymosin beta-4, primarily produced by monocytes in the presence of glucocorticoids. Researchers primarily study it for its anti-inflammatory properties and its potential role in modulating immune responses. Key findings indicate that thymosin beta-4 sulfoxide inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis and reduces inflammation in animal models, suggesting that its oxidized form enhances extracellular signaling while attenuating its intracellular actin-sequestering activity. Additionally, studies show that the oxidation of thymosin beta-4 alters its interaction with actin, impacting its ability to inhibit actin polymerization. Current research continues to explore the therapeutic implications of thymosin beta-4 sulfoxide in inflammatory diseases, highlighting its unique properties and potential applications in anti-inflammatory therapy.

Chemical Profile

Chemical Profile

Half-Life

INIntranasal

Not applicable

POOral

Poor bioavailability

Pharmacokinetic data is limited, with variability expected based on administration route.

Mechanism

Mechanism of Action

Thymosin beta-4 sulfoxide, generated by monocytes in the presence of glucocorticoids, functions as an anti-inflammatory agent by inhibiting neutrophil chemotaxis and adhesion to endothelial cells, likely through modulation of the actin cytoskeleton. It does not engage specific receptors but alters intracellular signaling pathways related to actin dynamics, such as the RhoA/ROCK pathway, and enhances extracellular signaling properties by preventing actin polymerization. The precise molecular mechanisms and receptor interactions remain to be fully elucidated.

Research

3 Research Publications

231

Total Citations

1.0

Avg. Influence

2007

Latest

#01

Thymosin beta 4 sulfoxide is an anti-inflammatory agent generated by monocytes in the presence of glucocorticoids.

Young J D, et al. · Nature medicine · 1999

AnimalInfluence1.0
190
The study demonstrated that thymosin beta4 sulfoxide, generated by monocytes in the presence of glucocorticoids, inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis and reduces carrageenin-induced edema in mice.

Key findings

  1. 01Thymosin beta 4 sulfoxide is generated by monocytes when glucocorticoids are present.
  2. 02This molecule inhibits the movement of neutrophils, a type of immune cell involved in inflammation.
  3. 03In animal tests, thymosin beta 4 sulfoxide effectively reduced swelling caused by inflammation.
PubMed
#02

Thymosin beta4: actin regulation and more.

Yarmola Elena G, et al. · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2007

Animal
28
Researchers observed that oxidation of thymosin beta(4) alters its structural properties and binding affinity to actin, affecting its intracellular and extracellular functions.

Key findings

  1. 01Researchers found that thymosin beta(4) forms a ternary complex with actin and profilin, affecting their interactions.
  2. 02The study observed that the presence of TMAO stabilizes thymosin beta(4) and increases its binding affinity to actin.
  3. 03Researchers noted that oxidation alters the structure of thymosin beta(4), impacting its properties and interactions.
PubMed
#03

Interactions of beta-thymosins, thymosin beta 4-sulfoxide, and N-terminally truncated thymosin beta 4 with actin studied by equilibrium centrifugation, chemical cross-linking and viscometry.

Huff T, et al. · European journal of biochemistry · 1995

AnimalInfluence1.0
13
The study demonstrated that while thymosin beta 4-sulfoxide and truncated forms of thymosin beta 4 show similar dissociation constants with G-actin, only the sulfoxide inhibits actin polymerization at higher concentrations.

Key findings

  1. 01All beta-thymosins examined inhibit the polymerization of actin into filaments under high salt conditions.
  2. 02Oxidation and truncation of thymosin beta 4 reduce its ability to bind to actin, with significant loss of interaction when certain amino acids are removed.
  3. 03Only the oxidized form of thymosin beta 4 effectively inhibits actin polymerization, but requires a much higher concentration compared to the unmodified beta-thymosin.
PubMed
Safety

Safety & Handling

Research Gaps

No clinical trials in humans have been conducted to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of thymosin beta-4 sulfoxide in inflammatory diseases. Additionally, the long-term effects of thymosin beta-4 sulfoxide treatment and the precise molecular mechanisms by which it modulates neutrophil behavior and actin dynamics remain unclear.

Solubility

Thymosin Beta-4 Sulfoxide is soluble in water and DMSO.

Storage & Handling

Lyophilized

Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C

Reconstituted

Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C

Avoid

Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light

Solvent

Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended

Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.

Legal Status

Legal Status

🇩🇪DE

Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.

🇺🇸US

Not approved by the FDA as a medicinal product. Not scheduled by the DEA.

🇦🇺AU

Not listed in the TGA schedules.

🇬🇧UK

Not approved by the MHRA as a medicinal product.

Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.

Community Insights

Community Insights

Publications per Year

3 total
1
95
1
99
1
07
Mechanism

Tools

Reconstitution Calculator

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Serum Level Visualizer

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Mechanism

Related Peptides

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Legal Disclaimer

This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer