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Thymosin Beta-4 Sulfoxide

Tß4 Sulfoxide · TB4-SO

Wound Healing & RegenerationPreclinical

Thymosin Beta-4 Sulfoxide is a peptide derived from the oxidation of Thymosin Beta-4, primarily produced by monocytes in the presence of glucocorticoids. Researchers primarily study it for its potential anti-inflammatory properties and its role in modulating neutrophil behavior. Key findings indicate that Thymosin Beta-4 Sulfoxide inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis and reduces inflammation in animal models, suggesting a unique mechanism of action that differs from its native form. Additionally, studies suggest that oxidation alters its interaction with actin, enhancing its extracellular signaling capabilities while diminishing its intracellular G-actin sequestering activity. Current research continues to explore its therapeutic implications in inflammatory diseases and the broader effects of methionine oxidation on protein function.

Chemical Profile

Chemical Profile

Half-Life

INIntranasal

Not applicable

POOral

Poor bioavailability

Pharmacokinetic data is limited, with variability expected based on administration route.

Mechanism

Mechanism of Action

Thymosin beta-4 sulfoxide acts primarily as an anti-inflammatory agent by modulating neutrophil behavior, inhibiting their chemotaxis and adhesion to endothelial cells, likely through interactions with specific receptors that are yet to be fully characterized. It disrupts the actin polymerization process by altering the binding dynamics with G-actin, which may involve pathways related to cytoskeletal rearrangement and inflammatory signaling, although the precise receptors and downstream signaling pathways remain to be elucidated. The oxidation of thymosin beta-4 enhances its extracellular signaling properties while attenuating its intracellular actin-sequestering activity, suggesting a complex interplay between its structural conformation and functional roles in inflammation.

Research

3 Research Publications

229

Total Citations

1.0

Avg. Influence

2007

Latest

#01

Thymosin beta 4 sulfoxide is an anti-inflammatory agent generated by monocytes in the presence of glucocorticoids.

Young J D, et al. · Nature medicine · 1999

AnimalInfluence1.0
189
The study demonstrated that thymosin beta4 sulfoxide, generated by monocytes in the presence of glucocorticoids, inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis and reduces inflammation in a mouse model of edema.

Key findings

  1. 01Thymosin beta 4 sulfoxide is generated by monocytes when glucocorticoids are present.
  2. 02This molecule inhibits the movement of neutrophils, a type of immune cell involved in inflammation.
  3. 03In animal tests, thymosin beta 4 sulfoxide effectively reduced swelling caused by inflammation.
PubMed
#02

Thymosin beta4: actin regulation and more.

Yarmola Elena G, et al. · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2007

In Vitro
27
The study demonstrated that oxidation of thymosin beta(4) affects its binding properties and stability, indicating that methionine oxidation alters its intra- and extracellular functions without interfering with profilin binding.

Key findings

  1. 01Researchers found that thymosin beta(4) forms a ternary complex with actin and profilin, affecting their interactions.
  2. 02The study observed that the presence of TMAO stabilizes thymosin beta(4) and increases its binding affinity to actin.
  3. 03Researchers noted that oxidation alters the structure of thymosin beta(4), impacting its properties and interactions.
PubMed
#03

Interactions of beta-thymosins, thymosin beta 4-sulfoxide, and N-terminally truncated thymosin beta 4 with actin studied by equilibrium centrifugation, chemical cross-linking and viscometry.

Huff T, et al. · European journal of biochemistry · 1995

In VitroInfluence1.0
13
Researchers observed that oxidation of thymosin beta 4 to thymosin beta 4 sulfoxide increases the apparent dissociation constant with G-actin, indicating a reduced ability to inhibit actin polymerization compared to the native form.

Key findings

  1. 01All beta-thymosins examined inhibit the polymerization of actin into filaments under high salt conditions.
  2. 02Oxidation and truncation of thymosin beta 4 reduce its ability to bind to actin, with significant loss of interaction when certain amino acids are removed.
  3. 03Only the oxidized form of thymosin beta 4 effectively inhibits actin polymerization, but requires a much higher concentration compared to the unmodified beta-thymosin.
PubMed
Safety

Safety & Handling

Research Gaps

No randomized controlled human trials have been conducted to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of thymosin beta-4 sulfoxide in humans. Additionally, the long-term effects of thymosin beta-4 sulfoxide on inflammatory diseases and its precise signaling mechanisms in vivo remain poorly understood.

Solubility

Thymosin Beta-4 Sulfoxide is soluble in water and DMSO.

Storage & Handling

Lyophilized

Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C

Reconstituted

Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C

Avoid

Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light

Solvent

Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended

Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.

Legal Status

Legal Status

🇩🇪DE

Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.

🇺🇸US

Not approved by the FDA as a medicinal product. Not scheduled by the DEA.

🇦🇺AU

Not listed in the TGA schedules.

🇬🇧UK

Not approved by the MHRA as a medicinal product.

Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.

Community Insights

Community Insights

Publications per Year

3 total
1
95
1
99
1
07
Mechanism

Tools

Reconstitution Calculator

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Serum Level Visualizer

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Mechanism

Related Peptides

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Legal Disclaimer

This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer