Cerebrolysin, a mixture of low-molecular-weight peptides and amino acids, is believed to exert its neuroprotective effects primarily through the activation of neurotrophic factor receptors, such as the TrkB receptor, which initiates the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, promoting neuronal survival and differentiation. Additionally, it may enhance synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis by modulating pathways like the PI3K/Akt pathway and the NO/cGMP pathway, although the precise mechanisms and full spectrum of its actions remain not entirely understood.