FST-344 · Follistatin
Follistatin 344 (FS344) is a peptide derived from the follistatin protein, known for its role in regulating muscle development and inhibiting myostatin, a protein that limits muscle growth. Researchers primarily study FS344 for its potential applications in enhancing muscle mass and its implications in sports medicine. Key findings from recent studies indicate that high-dose injections of FS344 can lead to adverse effects such as central serous chorioretinopathy in athletes, while transgenic models have shown increased skeletal muscle mass in livestock. Current research is focused on understanding the safety profiles, efficacy, and regulatory status of FS344, particularly in the context of its unapproved use in athletic performance enhancement.
Not applicable
Poor bioavailability
Pharmacokinetic data is limited, and half-life may vary based on administration route.
Follistatin 344 (FS344) primarily functions as an antagonist of myostatin, a member of the Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily, thereby inhibiting the Smad2/3 signaling pathway that normally suppresses muscle growth. By binding to myostatin, FS344 promotes muscle hypertrophy and increases skeletal muscle mass through enhanced Akt signaling, which is involved in protein synthesis and muscle cell growth. While the complete mechanism of action is not fully understood, FS344's interaction with other TGF-β family members may also contribute to its biological effects.
3,108
Total Citations
22
Human/RCT
2.7
Avg. Influence
2024
Latest
Researchers observed that follistatin functions as a regulatory protein with multiple roles in various physiological processes, primarily through its interaction with activin.
Researchers observed that exercise induces various myokines and adipokines, including follistatin, which play critical roles in energy substrate redistribution and fat mass loss.
The study demonstrated that follistatin can inhibit myostatin, leading to increased muscle mass and strength without adverse reproductive effects in animal models.
The study demonstrated that inhibins, activins, and follistatin regulate follicle-stimulating hormone secretion and play significant roles in the female reproductive system.
Researchers observed that activin A is released early during systemic inflammation and can have both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects on key mediators.
Researchers observed that follistatin interacts with various TGF-beta superfamily members, highlighting its role in modulating ovarian function.
The study demonstrated that the liver is a major contributor to circulating follistatin levels in humans, regulated by the glucagon-to-insulin ratio.
Researchers observed that zebrafish follistatin and noggin are not expressed in the organizer region but may function as BMP antagonists during later developmental stages.
Researchers observed significantly elevated serum follistatin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) compared to controls, indicating a potential role in the pathophysiology of PCOS.
The study demonstrated that various peptide factors, including follistatin, are involved in local signaling necessary for gonadal function, although their specific roles remain largely unverified.
No randomized controlled human trials have been conducted to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of follistatin-344 in both athletic and clinical populations. Additionally, the precise molecular mechanisms by which follistatin-344 influences muscle development and its potential side effects, such as the risk of central serous chorioretinopathy, remain poorly understood.
Solubility
Follistatin 344 is soluble in water and aqueous buffers but has limited solubility in organic solvents like acetonitrile and DMSO.
Lyophilized
Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C
Reconstituted
Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C
Avoid
Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light
Solvent
Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended
Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.
🇩🇪DE
Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.
🇺🇸US
Not approved by the FDA for clinical use. Not scheduled by the DEA.
🇦🇺AU
Not listed on the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods. Not scheduled by the TGA.
🇬🇧UK
Not approved by the MHRA for medicinal use.
Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.
Publications per Year
49 total| Vendor | Amount | Price | Price/mg | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
BESTSports Technology LabsUS | 10mg | $63.99 | $6.40/mg | |
RCpeptidesEU | 5mg | $243.00 | $48.60/mg | |
Research Peptides UKUK | 1mg | $50.74 | $50.74/mg | |
Geo PeptidesUS | 1mg | $50.99 | $50.99/mg | |
RCpeptidesEU | 1mg | $81.00 | $81.00/mg |
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This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer