FST-344 · Follistatin
Follistatin 344 (FS344) is a peptide derived from the follistatin protein, primarily known for its role in regulating muscle growth by inhibiting myostatin, a negative regulator of muscle mass. Researchers primarily study FS344 for its potential applications in enhancing muscle development and recovery in various contexts, including sports medicine and livestock production. Key findings from studies indicate that transgenic models expressing follistatin show significant increases in skeletal muscle mass, while retrospective analyses of athletes have linked high-dose FS344 injections to adverse effects such as central serous chorioretinopathy. Current research status highlights a growing interest in both the therapeutic potential and safety concerns surrounding FS344, particularly given its presence in unregulated markets and its classification as a prohibited substance in competitive sports.
Not applicable
Poor bioavailability
Pharmacokinetic data is limited, and half-life may vary based on administration route.
Follistatin 344 (FS344) functions primarily as an antagonist of myostatin, a member of the Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) family, which inhibits muscle growth by activating the Smad signaling pathway. By binding to myostatin and preventing its interaction with the activin receptors, FS344 promotes muscle hypertrophy through the activation of the Akt signaling pathway, leading to increased protein synthesis and myofiber hypertrophy. The complete mechanism of action and the full range of biological processes influenced by FS344 are not entirely understood, particularly regarding its effects on other TGF-β family members.
6,491
Total Citations
50
Human/RCT
3.4
Avg. Influence
2024
Latest
The study demonstrated that follistatin antagonizes BMP-4 activity in Xenopus embryos, promoting neural differentiation and blocking BMP-4's ventralizing effects.
The study demonstrated that follistatin regulates muscle mass by inhibiting myostatin and potentially other TGF-β family members, with implications for muscle preservation therapies.
The review discussed the multifunctional regulatory roles of follistatin in various biological systems, particularly its interaction with activin in reproductive and non-reproductive contexts.
The review highlighted that exercise induces various soluble factors, including follistatin, which play significant roles in energy substrate redistribution and fat mass loss.
Researchers observed that paracrine and autocrine signaling mechanisms in the anterior pituitary involve over 100 compounds, including follistatin, and are crucial for hormonal regulation during development and physiological adaptations.
Researchers observed that Wnt signaling synergizes with noggin and follistatin to enhance the expression of posterior neural genes, suggesting a role in anteroposterior neural axis specification.
The study demonstrated that follistatin-mediated skeletal muscle hypertrophy is regulated by Smad3 and mTOR signaling pathways independently of myostatin.
The study demonstrated that follistatin can inhibit myostatin, leading to increased muscle mass and strength without adverse reproductive effects in animal models.
The study demonstrated that inhibins, activins, and follistatin are key regulators in the female reproductive system, influencing follicle cell differentiation and steroidogenesis across various tissues, including the pituitary and ovaries.
The study demonstrated that activin A is released early during systemic inflammation, indicating its potential role in the inflammatory response, although its specific actions remain unclear.
No comprehensive human clinical trials have been conducted to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of follistatin-344, particularly regarding its potential side effects such as central serous chorioretinopathy. Additionally, the precise mechanisms by which follistatin-344 influences muscle growth and its interactions with other growth factors remain poorly understood.
Solubility
Follistatin 344 is soluble in water and aqueous buffers but has limited solubility in organic solvents like acetonitrile and DMSO.
Lyophilized
Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C
Reconstituted
Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C
Avoid
Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light
Solvent
Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended
Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.
🇩🇪DE
Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.
🇺🇸US
Not approved by the FDA for clinical use. Not scheduled by the DEA.
🇦🇺AU
Not listed on the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods. Not scheduled by the TGA.
🇬🇧UK
Not approved by the MHRA for medicinal use.
Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.
Publications per Year
50 total| Vendor | Amount | Price | Price/mg | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
BESTBioLongevity LabsUS | 10mg | $449.10$381.74 | $44.91$38.17/mg | View−15% · PEPSTACK |
RCpeptidesEU | 5mg | $243.00 | $48.60/mg | |
Geo PeptidesUS | 1mg | $50.99 | $50.99/mg | |
RCpeptidesEU | 1mg | $81.00 | $81.00/mg | |
Progen PeptidesUS | 1mg | $84.69 | $84.69/mg |
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This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer