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Thymalin

Thymus peptide · Tyr-Glu-Gly-Cys-Ser-Ser-Asp-Gly-Pro-Cys-Tyr

Immune SystemPreclinical
From$0.32/mgCompare prices
MW
858.9g/mol
Formula
C33H54N12O15

Thymalin is a polypeptide complex derived from thymus extracts, classified as an immunomodulatory peptide. Researchers primarily study Thymalin for its potential to enhance immune function and its geroprotective effects. Key findings indicate that Thymalin stimulates the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into mature T lymphocytes and demonstrates efficacy in reducing inflammatory cytokine production during conditions such as COVID-19. Additionally, studies suggest that Thymalin may improve various physiological functions in elderly populations, contributing to a decrease in disease incidence and mortality rates. Current research continues to explore its mechanisms of action and broader applications in immunology and gerontology.

Chemical Profile

Chemical Profile

Chemical structure
Chemical Structure
FormulaC33H54N12O15
Molecular Weight858.9 g/mol
CAS Number63958-90-7
PubChem CID3085284

Half-Life

INIntranasal

Not applicable

POOral

Poor bioavailability

Detailed pharmacokinetic data is limited, and further studies are needed to elucidate the half-life and bioavailability of Thymalin.

Mechanism

Mechanism of Action

Thymalin exerts its immunomodulatory effects primarily through the activation of T lymphocytes, enhancing their differentiation and functional activity, likely via the upregulation of CD28 expression and downregulation of CD44 and CD117 markers. The KE dipeptide stimulates cellular immunity by activating macrophages and lymphocytes, while the EW dipeptide inhibits ACE2, potentially modulating the renin-angiotensin system and reducing inflammatory cytokine production through pathways associated with the cytokine storm in COVID-19. Although the precise receptors and signaling pathways involved remain to be fully elucidated, the interaction of these peptides with gene expression related to immune responses suggests involvement of pathways such as the AKT signaling pathway and inflammatory response pathways.

Research

61 Research Publications

282

Total Citations

21

Human/RCT

1.7

Avg. Influence

2024

Latest

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#01

Natural and synthetic thymic peptides as therapeutics for immune dysfunction.

In Vitro
60
The study demonstrated that natural thymic peptides, including Thymalin, regulate immune dysfunction and enhance T-cell differentiation and cytokine production.
1 mg/kginjection(mouse)not mentioned100 mg/kginjection(mouse)not mentioned5 ng/mlculture media(rat)not mentioned1 microg/mousesubcutaneous(mouse)5 consecutive days every month
PubMed
#02

Peptides and Ageing.

Khavinson Vladimir Kh · Neuro endocrinology letters · 2002

HumanInfluence3.0
35
Researchers observed that the thymic preparation Thymalin significantly stimulates immunity and exhibits geroprotective activities in various species, including improved health outcomes in elderly humans.

Key findings

  1. 01Epithalamin increased lifespan and improved melatonin production in rats and other animals.
  2. 02Epitalon demonstrated similar lifespan-extending effects and improved visual functions in patients with retinal degeneration.
  3. 03The research supports a theory that aging involves changes in peptide production, leading to health decline.
PubMed
#03

The antimycobacterial activity of a peptide preparation derived from calf thymus.

DUBOS R J & HIRSCH J G · The Journal of experimental medicine · 1954

In Vitro
24
Researchers found a peptide derived from calf thymus that shows strong ability to inhibit the growth of certain bacteria related to tuberculosis in lab settings. This peptide, called thymus peptide, was effective at specific concentrations but less so in acidic conditions or when mixed with certain other substances. Similar peptides were also found in other animal tissues.

Key findings

  1. 01Thymus peptide effectively inhibits the growth of various strains of mammalian mycobacteria at specific concentrations.
  2. 02The effectiveness of thymus peptide decreases in acidic environments and when combined with certain other substances.
  3. 03Similar peptides can be extracted from other animal tissues, but not from calf lung or liver.
PubMed
#04

Immunomodulatory synthetic dipeptide L-Glu-L-Trp slows down aging and inhibits spontaneous carcinogenesis in rats.

Animal
23
The study demonstrated that the synthetic dipeptide L-Glu-L-Trp, derived from thymalin, significantly delayed aging and reduced spontaneous tumor incidence in female rats.
PubMed
#05

Chemical studies on a basic peptide preparation derived from calf thymus.

HIRSCH J G & DUBOS R J · The Journal of experimental medicine · 1954

In Vitro
19
Researchers studied a peptide preparation derived from calf thymus and found that it has antimycobacterial activity under certain laboratory conditions. The activity is linked to specific basic peptides, particularly rich in lysine and arginine, although the preparation is not completely uniform.

Key findings

  1. 01The thymus peptide preparation shows antimycobacterial activity in vitro.
  2. 02It consists mainly of basic peptides, with lysine and arginine making up about 40% of its weight.
  3. 03The peptide's activity is sensitive to acid and alkaline conditions but remains stable in the presence of pepsin.
PubMed
#06

Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macrophage THP-1 Cell Line.

In Vitro
17
The study demonstrated that Khavinson Peptides, including Thymalin, modulate inflammatory and proliferative processes in the THP-1 cell line by reducing TNF and IL-6 expression.
1 mg/kginjection(mouse)not mentioned100 mg/kginjection(mouse)not mentioned5 ng/mlculture media(rat)not mentioned1 microg/mousesubcutaneous(mouse)5 consecutive days every month
PubMed
#07

Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life.

HumanInfluence1.0
15
Researchers observed that Thymalin and Epithalamin significantly improve health and reduce mortality rates in elderly individuals, confirming their geroprotective efficacy.
PubMed
#08

Influence of thymic preparations on the result of experimental infection with Taenia crassiceps (Zeder, 1800) in ICR mice.

Animal
12
Researchers observed that a single administration of Thymalin significantly reduced the number of cysticerci in the peritoneal cavity of infected mice compared to controls.
PubMed
#09

Immuno-, phagocytosis-modulating, and antitoxic properties of amino acids and peptide preparations.

Animal
8
Researchers observed that various amino acids and peptide preparations, including Thymalin, stimulate immune responses and enhance phagocytosis in animal models.
PubMed
#10

[Influence of peptides from pineal gland on thymus function at aging].

Review
7
The study demonstrated that pineal peptides exert a more effective geroprotective effect on thymus involution compared to thymic peptides, highlighting the immunoendocrine cooperation involved.
PubMed
Safety

Safety & Handling

Research Gaps

The specific molecular mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory actions of Thymalin, KE, and EW dipeptides during COVID-19 remain unclear, necessitating further investigation. Additionally, while some clinical trials have demonstrated the geroprotective effects of Thymalin, there is a lack of long-term studies assessing the sustained efficacy and safety of Thymalin in diverse populations beyond the initial cohorts studied.

Solubility

Thymalin is soluble in water but has limited solubility in organic solvents like acetonitrile and DMSO.

Storage & Handling

Lyophilized

Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C

Reconstituted

Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C

Avoid

Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light

Solvent

Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended

Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.

Legal Status

Legal Status

🇩🇪DE

Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.

🇺🇸US

Not approved by the FDA as a medicinal product. Not scheduled by the DEA.

🇦🇺AU

Not listed in the TGA schedules. Considered a research chemical.

🇬🇧UK

Not approved by the MHRA as a medicinal product. Available for research purposes.

Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.

Community Insights

Community Insights

Publications per Year

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Pricing

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Mechanism

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Mechanism

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Legal Disclaimer

This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer