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Thymalin

Thymus peptide · Tyr-Glu-Gly-Cys-Ser-Ser-Asp-Gly-Pro-Cys-Tyr

Immune SystemPreclinical

MW: 858.9g/mol
Formula: C33H54N12O15

Thymalin is a polypeptide complex derived from the thymus gland, classified as an immunomodulatory peptide. Researchers primarily study Thymalin for its potential to enhance immune function and its geroprotective effects in aging populations. Key findings indicate that Thymalin stimulates the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into mature T lymphocytes, which may bolster antiviral immunity, and that its administration has been associated with significant improvements in various health parameters among elderly individuals, including reduced incidence of respiratory diseases and lower mortality rates. Current research continues to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying Thymalin's immunomodulatory effects, particularly in the context of viral infections such as COVID-19.

Chemical Profile

Chemical Structure

Formula	C33H54N12O15
Molecular Weight	858.9 g/mol
CAS Number	63958-90-7
PubChem CID	3085284

Half-Life

INIntranasal

Not applicable

POOral

Poor bioavailability

Detailed pharmacokinetic data is limited, and further studies are needed to elucidate the half-life and bioavailability of Thymalin.

Mechanism

Mechanism of Action

Thymalin, a polypeptide complex from the thymus, enhances T lymphocyte differentiation by increasing CD28 expression while reducing CD44 and CD117 levels, indicating a shift towards mature T cell populations. Its immunomodulatory effects are linked to the regulation of cytokine production, notably decreasing IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels, potentially through modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Although the precise molecular mechanisms and receptor interactions remain to be fully elucidated, Thymalin's active dipeptides, KE and EW, are suggested to influence gene expression related to immune responses and may interact with pathways involved in cytokine storms during viral infections like COVID-19.

Research

61 Research Publications

205

Total Citations

Human/RCT

1.7

Avg. Influence

2024

Latest

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01Top

#01

Peptides and Ageing.

Khavinson Vladimir Kh · Neuro endocrinology letters · 2002

ReviewInfluence3.0

Researchers observed that the peptide Epithalamin increases lifespan and improves various health parameters in rats, mice, and fruit flies, while Thymalin prominently stimulates immunity and exhibits geroprotective effects.

Key findings

01Epithalamin increased lifespan and improved melatonin production in rats and other animals.
02Epitalon demonstrated similar lifespan-extending effects and improved visual functions in patients with retinal degeneration.
03The research supports a theory that aging involves changes in peptide production, leading to health decline.

5 micrograms/ratsubcutaneous(rat)5 times per week for 12 months1 mgnot specified(mouse)not specified2 and 10 ng/mlnot specified(rat)not specified5 ng/mlnot specified(rat)not specified8--16 Usubcutaneous(human)not specified0.005 mg / kgparenteral(mouse)not specified0.05 mg /kgparenteral(mouse)not specified

PubMed

02Top

#02

The antimycobacterial activity of a peptide preparation derived from calf thymus.

DUBOS R J & HIRSCH J G · The Journal of experimental medicine · 1954

In Vitro

Researchers found a peptide derived from calf thymus that shows strong ability to inhibit the growth of certain bacteria related to tuberculosis in lab settings. This peptide, called thymus peptide, was effective at specific concentrations but less so in acidic conditions or when mixed with certain other substances. Similar peptides were also found in other animal tissues.

Key findings

01Thymus peptide effectively inhibits the growth of various strains of mammalian mycobacteria at specific concentrations.
02The effectiveness of thymus peptide decreases in acidic environments and when combined with certain other substances.
03Similar peptides can be extracted from other animal tissues, but not from calf lung or liver.

PubMed

03Top

#03

Immunomodulatory synthetic dipeptide L-Glu-L-Trp slows down aging and inhibits spontaneous carcinogenesis in rats.

Animal

Researchers observed that the dipeptide L-Glu-L-Trp, derived from Thymalin, significantly delayed aging and reduced spontaneous tumor incidence in rats.

PubMed

#04

Chemical studies on a basic peptide preparation derived from calf thymus.

HIRSCH J G & DUBOS R J · The Journal of experimental medicine · 1954

In Vitro

Researchers studied a peptide preparation derived from calf thymus and found that it has antimycobacterial activity under certain laboratory conditions. The activity is linked to specific basic peptides, particularly rich in lysine and arginine, although the preparation is not completely uniform.

Key findings

01The thymus peptide preparation shows antimycobacterial activity in vitro.
02It consists mainly of basic peptides, with lysine and arginine making up about 40% of its weight.
03The peptide's activity is sensitive to acid and alkaline conditions but remains stable in the presence of pepsin.

PubMed

#05

Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life.

HumanInfluence1.0

Researchers observed that Thymalin and Epithalamin significantly improve health and reduce mortality in elderly individuals, demonstrating their potential as geroprotective agents.

PubMed

#06

Influence of thymic preparations on the result of experimental infection with Taenia crassiceps (Zeder, 1800) in ICR mice.

Animal

The study demonstrated that thymalin significantly reduced the number of cysticerci in the peritoneal cavity of ICR mice infected with Taenia crassiceps.

PubMed

#07

Immuno-, phagocytosis-modulating, and antitoxic properties of amino acids and peptide preparations.

Animal

Researchers observed that various amino acids and peptide preparations, including Thymalin, enhance immune responses and phagocytosis in vitro and in animal models.

PubMed

#08

[Influence of peptides from pineal gland on thymus function at aging].

Review

Researchers observed that pineal peptides, particularly Epithalamin, exert a more effective geroprotective effect on thymus involution compared to thymic peptides.

PubMed

#09

Results and Prospects of Using Activator of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation in Complex Therapy for Patients with COVID-19.

Khavinson V Kh, et al. · Stem cell reviews and reports · 2021

Human

Researchers observed that the addition of thymalin to standard COVID-19 treatment accelerated the decline of pro-inflammatory markers and improved T cell system indicators, reducing the risk of blood clots.

Key findings

01Researchers observed that standard treatment reduced levels of inflammatory markers like IL-6 and C-reactive protein.
02The addition of thymalin accelerated the decline of these inflammatory markers and improved T cell function.
03This study suggests that thymalin could be beneficial in the complex treatment of COVID-19.

PubMed

#10

[Characteristics of the pineal gland and thymus relationship in aging].

Review

Researchers observed that pineal peptides, particularly Epithalamin, have a more pronounced geroprotective effect on thymus function compared to thymic peptides.

PubMed

Safety

Safety & Handling

Research Gaps

The specific molecular mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory actions of Thymalin, particularly in the context of COVID-19, remain unclear and require further investigation. Additionally, while there are promising clinical findings regarding the geroprotective effects of Thymalin, the long-term effects and safety of its use in diverse populations have not been thoroughly studied in randomized controlled trials.

Solubility

Thymalin is soluble in water but has limited solubility in organic solvents like acetonitrile and DMSO.

Storage & Handling

Lyophilized

Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C

Reconstituted

Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C

Avoid

Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light

Solvent

Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended

Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.

Legal Status

🇩🇪DE

Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.

🇺🇸US

Not approved by the FDA as a medicinal product. Not scheduled by the DEA.

🇦🇺AU

Not listed in the TGA schedules. Considered a research chemical.

🇬🇧UK

Not approved by the MHRA as a medicinal product. Available for research purposes.

Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.

Community Insights

Publications per Year

45 total

Pricing

Price Comparison

BESTPeptaNovaEU
100mg
$32.40
Price/mg
$0.32/mg
View
Ruo BioUS
20mg
$40.00
Price/mg
$2.00/mg
View
Peptide ProsUS
50mg
$131.60
Price/mg
$2.63/mg
View
Biolab ShopUS
20mg
$53.07
Price/mg
$2.65/mg
View
Receptor ChemUK
10mg
$38.09
Price/mg
$3.81/mg
View

Vendor	Amount	Price	Price/mg	Link
BESTPeptaNovaEU	100mg	$32.40	$0.32/mg	View
Ruo BioUS	20mg	$40.00	$2.00/mg	View
Peptide ProsUS	50mg	$131.60	$2.63/mg	View
Biolab ShopUS	20mg	$53.07	$2.65/mg	View
Receptor ChemUK	10mg	$38.09	$3.81/mg	View

Top 5 of 35 offers from 26 vendors. Prices updated daily.

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Mechanism

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Mechanism

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Legal Disclaimer

This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer