Natural and synthetic thymic peptides as therapeutics for immune dysfunction.
The study demonstrated that natural thymic peptides, including Thymalin, regulate immune dysfunction and enhance T-cell differentiation and cytokine production.
Thymus peptide · Tyr-Glu-Gly-Cys-Ser-Ser-Asp-Gly-Pro-Cys-Tyr
Thymalin is a polypeptide complex derived from thymus extracts, classified as an immunomodulatory peptide. Researchers primarily study Thymalin for its potential to enhance immune function and its geroprotective effects. Key findings indicate that Thymalin stimulates the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into mature T lymphocytes and demonstrates efficacy in reducing inflammatory cytokine production during conditions such as COVID-19. Additionally, studies suggest that Thymalin may improve various physiological functions in elderly populations, contributing to a decrease in disease incidence and mortality rates. Current research continues to explore its mechanisms of action and broader applications in immunology and gerontology.
| Formula | C33H54N12O15 |
| Molecular Weight | 858.9 g/mol |
| CAS Number | 63958-90-7 |
| PubChem CID | 3085284 |
Not applicable
Poor bioavailability
Detailed pharmacokinetic data is limited, and further studies are needed to elucidate the half-life and bioavailability of Thymalin.
Thymalin exerts its immunomodulatory effects primarily through the activation of T lymphocytes, enhancing their differentiation and functional activity, likely via the upregulation of CD28 expression and downregulation of CD44 and CD117 markers. The KE dipeptide stimulates cellular immunity by activating macrophages and lymphocytes, while the EW dipeptide inhibits ACE2, potentially modulating the renin-angiotensin system and reducing inflammatory cytokine production through pathways associated with the cytokine storm in COVID-19. Although the precise receptors and signaling pathways involved remain to be fully elucidated, the interaction of these peptides with gene expression related to immune responses suggests involvement of pathways such as the AKT signaling pathway and inflammatory response pathways.
282
Total Citations
21
Human/RCT
1.7
Avg. Influence
2024
Latest
The study demonstrated that natural thymic peptides, including Thymalin, regulate immune dysfunction and enhance T-cell differentiation and cytokine production.
Khavinson Vladimir Kh · Neuro endocrinology letters · 2002
Researchers observed that the thymic preparation Thymalin significantly stimulates immunity and exhibits geroprotective activities in various species, including improved health outcomes in elderly humans.
Key findings
DUBOS R J & HIRSCH J G · The Journal of experimental medicine · 1954
Researchers found a peptide derived from calf thymus that shows strong ability to inhibit the growth of certain bacteria related to tuberculosis in lab settings. This peptide, called thymus peptide, was effective at specific concentrations but less so in acidic conditions or when mixed with certain other substances. Similar peptides were also found in other animal tissues.
Key findings
The study demonstrated that the synthetic dipeptide L-Glu-L-Trp, derived from thymalin, significantly delayed aging and reduced spontaneous tumor incidence in female rats.
HIRSCH J G & DUBOS R J · The Journal of experimental medicine · 1954
Researchers studied a peptide preparation derived from calf thymus and found that it has antimycobacterial activity under certain laboratory conditions. The activity is linked to specific basic peptides, particularly rich in lysine and arginine, although the preparation is not completely uniform.
Key findings
The study demonstrated that Khavinson Peptides, including Thymalin, modulate inflammatory and proliferative processes in the THP-1 cell line by reducing TNF and IL-6 expression.
Researchers observed that Thymalin and Epithalamin significantly improve health and reduce mortality rates in elderly individuals, confirming their geroprotective efficacy.
Researchers observed that a single administration of Thymalin significantly reduced the number of cysticerci in the peritoneal cavity of infected mice compared to controls.
Researchers observed that various amino acids and peptide preparations, including Thymalin, stimulate immune responses and enhance phagocytosis in animal models.
The study demonstrated that pineal peptides exert a more effective geroprotective effect on thymus involution compared to thymic peptides, highlighting the immunoendocrine cooperation involved.
The specific molecular mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory actions of Thymalin, KE, and EW dipeptides during COVID-19 remain unclear, necessitating further investigation. Additionally, while some clinical trials have demonstrated the geroprotective effects of Thymalin, there is a lack of long-term studies assessing the sustained efficacy and safety of Thymalin in diverse populations beyond the initial cohorts studied.
Solubility
Thymalin is soluble in water but has limited solubility in organic solvents like acetonitrile and DMSO.
Lyophilized
Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C
Reconstituted
Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C
Avoid
Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light
Solvent
Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended
Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.
🇩🇪DE
Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.
🇺🇸US
Not approved by the FDA as a medicinal product. Not scheduled by the DEA.
🇦🇺AU
Not listed in the TGA schedules. Considered a research chemical.
🇬🇧UK
Not approved by the MHRA as a medicinal product. Available for research purposes.
Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.
Publications per Year
45 total| Vendor | Amount | Price | Price/mg | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
BESTPeptaNovaEU | 100mg | $32.40 | $0.32/mg | |
Peptide ProsUS | 50mg | $131.60 | $2.63/mg | |
Receptor ChemUK | 10mg | $38.09 | $3.81/mg | |
RCpeptidesEU | 10mg | $43.20 | $4.32/mg | |
Peptide CraftersUS | 10mg | $45.00 | $4.50/mg |
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