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Thymalin

Thymus peptide · Tyr-Glu-Gly-Cys-Ser-Ser-Asp-Gly-Pro-Cys-Tyr

Immune SystemPreclinical
From$0.32/mgCompare prices
MW
858.9g/mol
Formula
C33H54N12O15

Thymalin is a polypeptide complex derived from thymus tissue, classified as an immunomodulatory peptide. Researchers primarily study Thymalin for its potential to enhance immune function and its applications in age-related health issues and viral infections, including COVID-19. Key findings indicate that Thymalin stimulates the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into mature T lymphocytes and exhibits significant geroprotective effects, including improved immune responses and reduced incidence of age-related diseases in clinical populations. Additionally, preclinical evidence suggests that its active components, dipeptides KE and EW, may modulate inflammatory responses and cytokine production during viral infections. Current research continues to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying Thymalin's effects and its potential therapeutic applications in various health conditions.

Chemical Profile

Chemical Profile

Chemical structure
Chemical Structure
FormulaC33H54N12O15
Molecular Weight858.9 g/mol
CAS Number63958-90-7
PubChem CID3085284

Half-Life

INIntranasal

Not applicable

POOral

Poor bioavailability

Detailed pharmacokinetic data is limited, and further studies are needed to elucidate the half-life and bioavailability of Thymalin.

Mechanism

Mechanism of Action

Thymalin exerts its immunomodulatory effects primarily through the activation of T lymphocytes, enhancing their differentiation from hematopoietic stem cells, which is indicated by increased expression of CD28 and decreased expression of CD44 and CD117. The KE dipeptide stimulates cellular immunity by activating macrophages and lymphocytes, while the EW dipeptide inhibits ACE2, thus modulating the renin-angiotensin system and potentially affecting the NF-κB signaling pathway involved in the inflammatory response. Although the precise molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated, Thymalin's ability to regulate cytokine production and immune responses suggests involvement in pathways related to the cytokine storm in conditions like COVID-19.

Research

60 Research Publications

282

Total Citations

21

Human/RCT

1.7

Avg. Influence

2024

Latest

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#01

Natural and synthetic thymic peptides as therapeutics for immune dysfunction.

In Vitro
60
The study demonstrated that natural thymic peptides, including Thymalin, regulate immune dysfunction and promote T-cell differentiation and cytokine production.
1 mg/kginjection(mouse)not mentioned100 mg/kginjection(mouse)not mentioned5 ng/mlculture media(rat)not mentioned1 microg/mousesubcutaneous(mouse)5 consecutive days every month
PubMed
#02

Peptides and Ageing.

Khavinson Vladimir Kh · Neuro endocrinology letters · 2002

HumanInfluence3.0
35
Researchers observed that the thymic preparation Thymalin stimulates immunity and exhibits geroprotective activities, contributing to improved health and longevity in various species including rats, mice, and humans.

Key findings

  1. 01Epithalamin increased lifespan and improved melatonin production in rats and other animals.
  2. 02Epitalon demonstrated similar lifespan-extending effects and improved visual functions in patients with retinal degeneration.
  3. 03The research supports a theory that aging involves changes in peptide production, leading to health decline.
PubMed
#03

The antimycobacterial activity of a peptide preparation derived from calf thymus.

DUBOS R J & HIRSCH J G · The Journal of experimental medicine · 1954

In Vitro
24
Researchers found a peptide derived from calf thymus that shows strong ability to inhibit the growth of certain bacteria related to tuberculosis in lab settings. This peptide, called thymus peptide, was effective at specific concentrations but less so in acidic conditions or when mixed with certain other substances. Similar peptides were also found in other animal tissues.

Key findings

  1. 01Thymus peptide effectively inhibits the growth of various strains of mammalian mycobacteria at specific concentrations.
  2. 02The effectiveness of thymus peptide decreases in acidic environments and when combined with certain other substances.
  3. 03Similar peptides can be extracted from other animal tissues, but not from calf lung or liver.
PubMed
#04

Immunomodulatory synthetic dipeptide L-Glu-L-Trp slows down aging and inhibits spontaneous carcinogenesis in rats.

Animal
23
Researchers observed that the synthetic dipeptide L-Glu-L-Trp, derived from thymalin, significantly delayed aging and reduced spontaneous tumor incidence in female rats.
PubMed
#05

Chemical studies on a basic peptide preparation derived from calf thymus.

HIRSCH J G & DUBOS R J · The Journal of experimental medicine · 1954

In Vitro
19
Researchers studied a peptide preparation derived from calf thymus and found that it has antimycobacterial activity under certain laboratory conditions. The activity is linked to specific basic peptides, particularly rich in lysine and arginine, although the preparation is not completely uniform.

Key findings

  1. 01The thymus peptide preparation shows antimycobacterial activity in vitro.
  2. 02It consists mainly of basic peptides, with lysine and arginine making up about 40% of its weight.
  3. 03The peptide's activity is sensitive to acid and alkaline conditions but remains stable in the presence of pepsin.
PubMed
#06

Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macrophage THP-1 Cell Line.

In Vitro
17
The study demonstrated that Khavinson Peptides, including Thymalin, modulate inflammatory and proliferative processes in THP-1 cells, reducing TNF and IL-6 cytokine expression.
1 mg/kginjection(mouse)not mentioned100 mg/kginjection(mouse)not mentioned5 ng/mlculture media(rat)not mentioned1 microg/mousesubcutaneous(mouse)5 consecutive days every month
PubMed
#07

Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life.

HumanInfluence1.0
15
Researchers observed that Thymalin and Epithalamin significantly improve health metrics and reduce mortality rates in elderly individuals, confirming their geroprotective efficacy.
PubMed
#08

Influence of thymic preparations on the result of experimental infection with Taenia crassiceps (Zeder, 1800) in ICR mice.

Animal
12
The study demonstrated that thymalin significantly reduced the number of cysticerci in mice infected with Taenia crassiceps.
PubMed
#09

Immuno-, phagocytosis-modulating, and antitoxic properties of amino acids and peptide preparations.

Animal
8
Researchers observed that various amino acids and peptide preparations, including Thymalin, enhance immune response and phagocytosis in mice and chickens, while also providing protection against toxins.
PubMed
#10

[Influence of peptides from pineal gland on thymus function at aging].

Review
7
Researchers observed that pineal peptides exert a more effective geroprotective effect on thymus involution compared to thymic peptides, highlighting the immunoendocrine cooperation involved.
PubMed
Safety

Safety & Handling

Research Gaps

The specific molecular mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory action of Thymalin, KE, and EW dipeptides during COVID-19 remain unclear and require further elucidation. Additionally, while there are promising results regarding the geroprotective effects of Thymalin, long-term studies assessing its safety and efficacy in diverse human populations are still lacking.

Solubility

Thymalin is soluble in water but has limited solubility in organic solvents like acetonitrile and DMSO.

Storage & Handling

Lyophilized

Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C

Reconstituted

Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C

Avoid

Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light

Solvent

Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended

Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.

Legal Status

Legal Status

🇩🇪DE

Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.

🇺🇸US

Not approved by the FDA as a medicinal product. Not scheduled by the DEA.

🇦🇺AU

Not listed in the TGA schedules. Considered a research chemical.

🇬🇧UK

Not approved by the MHRA as a medicinal product. Available for research purposes.

Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.

Community Insights

Community Insights

Publications per Year

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Pricing

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Mechanism

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Mechanism

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Legal Disclaimer

This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer