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Thymulin

Facteur Thymique Serique · FTS

Immune SystemPreclinical
From$1.68/mgCompare prices
MW
858.9g/mol
Formula
C33H54N12O15

Thymulin is a zinc-dependent nonapeptide hormone produced exclusively by the epithelial cells of the thymus, classified as a thymic peptide. Researchers primarily study thymulin for its role in T-cell differentiation and its potential immunoregulatory functions. Key findings indicate that thymulin enhances the activity of various T-cell subsets and may possess anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in the central nervous system. Additionally, studies suggest that synthetic analogs of thymulin, such as metFTS, could be beneficial in gene therapy approaches to restore thymulin levels in thymodeficient models. Current research continues to explore the molecular biology of thymulin and its therapeutic applications, particularly in the context of neuroendocrine and reproductive aging.

Chemical Profile

Chemical Profile

Chemical structure
Chemical Structure
FormulaC33H54N12O15
Molecular Weight858.9 g/mol
CAS Number78922-62-0
PubChem CID71300623

Half-Life

INIntranasal

Not applicable

POOral

Poor bioavailability

Thymulin's bioavailability is limited by its peptide nature, leading to rapid degradation in the gastrointestinal tract.

Mechanism

Mechanism of Action

Thymulin, a zinc-dependent nonapeptide hormone, binds to specific receptors on thymocytes, enhancing T-cell differentiation and function, particularly in suppressor T-cells. Its action is mediated through the activation of signaling pathways involving the TCR-CD3 complex and interactions with MHC-peptide complexes, which promote cellular adhesion and migration within the thymic microenvironment. Although the precise molecular mechanisms and downstream signaling pathways remain incompletely understood, thymulin's role in modulating immune responses suggests involvement in various neuroendocrine regulatory circuits.

Research

92 Research Publications

3,666

Total Citations

12

Human/RCT

2.5

Avg. Influence

2015

Latest

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#01

Clinical, immunological, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant roles of zinc.

ReviewInfluence8.0
454
The review indicated that zinc deficiency adversely affects immune function and thymulin activity, emphasizing the importance of zinc in maintaining immune health.
1, 10, 100, or 1,000 ng/mLincubation(boars)3, 6, or 12 h4.4, 44.4, or 444.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boars)not mentioned1-25 microgsystemic(not mentioned)not mentioned
PubMed
#02

Serum thymulin in human zinc deficiency.

In VitroInfluence11.0
347
The study demonstrated that mild zinc deficiency in humans resulted in decreased serum thymulin activity, which was restored by zinc supplementation.
1.8 mg/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)not mentioned0.15 mg/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)not mentioned250 µg/100 gnot mentioned(mouse)not mentioned15 µg/100 gnot mentioned(mouse)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-5) Mnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-3) Mnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned1-25 µgnot mentioned(not mentioned)not mentioned10^8 plaque forming units (pfu)/animalintramuscular(rat)not mentioned
PubMed
#03

Zinc: mechanisms of host defense.

In VitroInfluence8.0
319
Researchers observed that zinc deficiency in humans decreases thymulin activity, leading to impaired T-helper cell maturation and a shift towards Th(2) cytokine production, resulting in immune dysfunction.
1, 10, 100, or 1,000 ng/mLincubation(boars)3, 6, or 12 h4.4, 44.4, or 444.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boars)not mentioned1-25 microgsystemic(not mentioned)not mentioned
PubMed
#04

Neuroendocrine control of thymus physiology.

ReviewInfluence13.0
298
Researchers observed that thymic physiology is influenced by neuroendocrine factors, which modulate T-cell differentiation and thymocyte interactions within the thymic microenvironment.
1, 10, 100, or 1,000 ng/mLincubation(boars)3, 6, or 12 h4.4, 44.4, or 444.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boars)not mentioned1-25 microgsystemic(not mentioned)not mentioned
PubMed
#05

Zinc deficiency in elderly patients.

HumanInfluence6.0
263
Researchers observed that zinc supplementation in elderly individuals corrected zinc deficiency and significantly increased serum thymulin activity and interleukin 1 production.
1, 10, 100, or 1,000 ng/mLincubation(boars)3, 6, or 12 h4.4, 44.4, or 444.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boars)not mentioned1-25 microgsystemic(not mentioned)not mentioned
PubMed
#06

Role of thymic peptides as transmitters between the neuroendocrine and immune systems.

ReviewInfluence1.0
226
The review highlighted that thymic peptides like thymulin play a crucial role in mediating interactions between the immune and neuroendocrine systems, influencing hormone release and immune responses.
1, 10, 100, or 1,000 ng/mLincubation(boars)3, 6, or 12 h4.4, 44.4, or 444.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boars)not mentioned1-25 microgsystemic(not mentioned)not mentioned
PubMed
#07

Thyroid function modulates thymic endocrine activity.

HumanInfluence2.0
161
Researchers observed that thyroid function significantly influences thymulin levels in humans, with higher levels in hyperthyroid patients and lower levels in hypothyroid patients.
1-25 microgsystemic(mouse)15 microg/100 g body weightinjection(mouse)1.8 mg/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)0.15 mg/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)4.4, 44.4, or 444.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boar)200 nginjection(mouse)10(-8) to 10(-5) M(rat)10(-8) to 10(-3) M(rat)1.25 microg in 50 microl salineintraplantar(rat)50 microg in 100 microlintraperitoneal(rat)10(8) plaque forming units (pfu)/animalintramuscular(rat)
PubMed
#08

Growth hormone treatment stimulates thymulin production in aged dogs.

AnimalInfluence1.0
122
Researchers observed that growth hormone treatment increased plasma thymulin concentrations in middle-aged dogs, indicating a potential method to rejuvenate thymic function in aging.
1.8 mg/kg e.o.dintraperitoneal(mouse)0.15 mg/kg e.o.dintraperitoneal(mouse)250 µg/100 g of body weight(mouse)15 µg/100 g body weight(mouse)1.25 µg in 50 µl salineintraplantar(rat)50 µg in 100 µlintraperitoneal(rat)50 ngintraperitoneal(rat)200 ng(mouse)0.2 mg/kg(rat)0.4 mg/kg(rat)2 mg/kg(rat)10(-8) to 10(-5) M10(-8) to 10(-3) M10(8) pfu/animalintramuscular(rat)
PubMed
#09

Therapeutic application of zinc in human immunodeficiency virus against opportunistic infections.

HumanInfluence4.0
96
Researchers observed that zinc supplementation in HIV-infected individuals improved active thymulin levels and CD4+ cell counts, reducing the incidence of opportunistic infections.
1, 10, 100, or 1,000 ng/mLincubation(boars)3, 6, or 12 h4.4, 44.4, or 444.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boars)not mentioned1-25 microgsystemic(not mentioned)not mentioned
PubMed
#10

Avian leukocytic cytokines.

ReviewInfluence4.0
65
The study demonstrated that avian leukocytic cytokines, including thymulin, exhibit various immune regulatory functions, although their molecular characterization remains limited.
1, 10, 100, or 1,000 ng/mLincubation(boars)3, 6, or 12 h4.4, 44.4, or 444.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boars)not mentioned1-25 microgsystemic(not mentioned)not mentioned
PubMed
Safety

Safety & Handling

Research Gaps

No randomized controlled human trials evaluating the therapeutic potential of thymulin or its synthetic analogs have been published. Additionally, the long-term effects of thymulin treatment on immune function and hormonal balance in humans remain unknown, and the precise molecular mechanisms underlying its immunoregulatory actions are not fully elucidated.

Solubility

Thymulin is soluble in water and saline solutions but has limited solubility in organic solvents like acetonitrile and DMSO.

Storage & Handling

Lyophilized

Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C

Reconstituted

Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C

Avoid

Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light

Solvent

Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended

Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.

Legal Status

Legal Status

🇩🇪DE

Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.

🇺🇸US

Not approved by the FDA as a medicinal product. Not scheduled by the DEA.

🇦🇺AU

Not listed in the TGA schedules. Use is limited to research purposes.

🇬🇧UK

Not approved by the MHRA as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance.

Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.

Community Insights

Community Insights

Publications per Year

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Pricing

Price Comparison

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  • Simple PeptideUS
    20mg
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    $4.20/mg
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  • BioLongevity LabsUS
    10mg
    $64.97
    $55.22
    Price/mg
    $6.50$5.52/mg
    View−15% · PEPSTACK

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Mechanism

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Mechanism

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Legal Disclaimer

This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer