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Thymulin

Facteur Thymique Serique · FTS

Immune SystemPreclinical
From$1.68/mgCompare prices
MW
858.9g/mol
Formula
C33H54N12O15

Thymulin is a thymic hormone classified as a nonapeptide, produced exclusively by the epithelial cells of the thymus and characterized by its dependence on zinc for biological activity. Researchers primarily study thymulin for its role in T-cell differentiation and its potential therapeutic applications in immunoregulation and neuroendocrine functions. Key findings indicate that thymulin not only influences T-cell development but also exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in the central nervous system. Additionally, preclinical evidence suggests that gene therapy targeting thymulin may effectively address hormonal and reproductive abnormalities in thymus-deficient models. Current research continues to explore the molecular biology of thymulin and its therapeutic potential, bolstered by advancements in biotechnological tools.

Chemical Profile

Chemical Profile

Chemical structure
Chemical Structure
FormulaC33H54N12O15
Molecular Weight858.9 g/mol
CAS Number78922-62-0
PubChem CID71300623

Half-Life

INIntranasal

Not applicable

POOral

Poor bioavailability

Thymulin's bioavailability is limited by its peptide nature, leading to rapid degradation in the gastrointestinal tract.

Mechanism

Mechanism of Action

Thymulin, a zinc-dependent nonapeptide hormone, primarily interacts with specific receptors on T-cells, promoting their differentiation and enhancing immune responses through pathways that are not fully elucidated. It is known to influence the activation of various signaling cascades, including the IL-1 signaling pathway, which mediates the secretion of additional cytokines and supports T-cell maturation and function. Additionally, thymulin's immunomodulatory effects may involve interactions with the neuroendocrine system, although the precise mechanisms remain to be fully characterized.

Research

110 Research Publications

4,440

Total Citations

17

Human/RCT

2.5

Avg. Influence

2015

Latest

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#01

Clinical, immunological, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant roles of zinc.

ReviewInfluence8.0
457
Researchers observed that zinc deficiency in elderly patients led to severe immune dysfunctions, which were corrected by zinc supplementation, resulting in increased serum thymulin activity.
15 µg/100 g body weightnot mentioned(mouse)not mentioned250 µg/100 g of body weightnot mentioned(mouse)not mentioned1.25 µg in 50 microl salineintraplantar(rat)not mentioned50 µg in 100 microlintraperitoneal(rat)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-5) Mnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-3) Mnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned10(8) plaque forming units (pfu)/animalintramuscular(rat)not mentioned123 +/- 22 fg/mlnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned598 +/- 144 fg/mlnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned
PubMed
#02

Serum thymulin in human zinc deficiency.

HumanInfluence11.0
347
The study demonstrated that mild zinc deficiency in humans resulted in decreased serum thymulin activity, which was restored by zinc supplementation.
1.8 mg/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)not mentioned0.15 mg/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)not mentioned250 µg/100 gnot mentioned(mouse)not mentioned15 µg/100 gnot mentioned(mouse)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-5) Mnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-3) Mnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned1-25 µgnot mentioned(not mentioned)not mentioned10^8 plaque forming units (pfu)/animalintramuscular(rat)not mentioned
PubMed
#03

Zinc: mechanisms of host defense.

ReviewInfluence8.0
323
Researchers observed that zinc deficiency decreases serum thymulin activity, leading to impaired T-helper cell maturation and immune dysfunction in humans.
15 µg/100 g body weightnot mentioned(mouse)not mentioned250 µg/100 g of body weightnot mentioned(mouse)not mentioned1.25 µg in 50 microl salineintraplantar(rat)not mentioned50 µg in 100 microlintraperitoneal(rat)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-5) Mnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-3) Mnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned10(8) plaque forming units (pfu)/animalintramuscular(rat)not mentioned123 +/- 22 fg/mlnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned598 +/- 144 fg/mlnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned
PubMed
#04

Prolactin and growth hormone in the regulation of the immune system.

ReviewInfluence3.0
318
The review highlighted that both prolactin and growth hormone stimulate thymic function and increase thymulin secretion, suggesting their critical role in immune regulation.
1, 10, 100, or 1,000 ng/mLincubation(Chinese Meishan boars and White composite boars)3, 6, or 12 h4.4, 44.4, or 444.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boars)not mentioned1-25 microgsystemic injection(not mentioned)not mentioned
PubMed
#05

Neuroendocrine control of thymus physiology.

ReviewInfluence13.0
297
The study demonstrated that neuroendocrine factors regulate thymus physiology, impacting T-cell differentiation and interactions within the thymic microenvironment.
15 µg/100 g body weightnot mentioned(mouse)not mentioned250 µg/100 g of body weightnot mentioned(mouse)not mentioned1.25 µg in 50 microl salineintraplantar(rat)not mentioned50 µg in 100 microlintraperitoneal(rat)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-5) Mnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-3) Mnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned10(8) plaque forming units (pfu)/animalintramuscular(rat)not mentioned123 +/- 22 fg/mlnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned598 +/- 144 fg/mlnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned
PubMed
#06

Zinc deficiency in elderly patients.

HumanInfluence6.0
263
Researchers observed that zinc supplementation in elderly subjects corrected zinc deficiency and significantly increased serum thymulin activity and immune response.
15 µg/100 g body weightnot mentioned(mouse)not mentioned250 µg/100 g of body weightnot mentioned(mouse)not mentioned1.25 µg in 50 microl salineintraplantar(rat)not mentioned50 µg in 100 microlintraperitoneal(rat)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-5) Mnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-3) Mnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned10(8) plaque forming units (pfu)/animalintramuscular(rat)not mentioned123 +/- 22 fg/mlnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned598 +/- 144 fg/mlnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned
PubMed
#07

Role of thymic peptides as transmitters between the neuroendocrine and immune systems.

ReviewInfluence1.0
225
Researchers observed that thymulin production is up-regulated by hormones from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and that thymulin can modulate peripheral sensory functions related to pain.
15 µg/100 g body weightnot mentioned(mouse)not mentioned250 µg/100 g of body weightnot mentioned(mouse)not mentioned1.25 µg in 50 microl salineintraplantar(rat)not mentioned50 µg in 100 microlintraperitoneal(rat)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-5) Mnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-3) Mnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned10(8) plaque forming units (pfu)/animalintramuscular(rat)not mentioned123 +/- 22 fg/mlnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned598 +/- 144 fg/mlnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned
PubMed
#08

Thyroid function modulates thymic endocrine activity.

HumanInfluence2.0
161
Researchers observed that thyroid function significantly influences thymulin levels in humans, with higher levels in hyperthyroid patients and lower levels in hypothyroid patients.
1-25 microgsystemic(mouse)15 microg/100 g body weightinjection(mouse)1.8 mg/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)0.15 mg/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)4.4, 44.4, or 444.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boar)200 nginjection(mouse)10(-8) to 10(-5) M(rat)10(-8) to 10(-3) M(rat)1.25 microg in 50 microl salineintraplantar(rat)50 microg in 100 microlintraperitoneal(rat)10(8) plaque forming units (pfu)/animalintramuscular(rat)
PubMed
#09

Effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I on the immune system.

Review
146
The study demonstrated that growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I modulate immune functions and thymulin secretion in immunocompetent cells.
1, 10, 100, or 1,000 ng/mLincubation(Chinese Meishan boars and White composite boars)3, 6, or 12 h4.4, 44.4, or 444.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boars)not mentioned1-25 microgsystemic injection(not mentioned)not mentioned
PubMed
#10

Control of thymus physiology by peptidic hormones and neuropeptides.

ReviewInfluence3.0
123
Researchers observed that peptidic hormones and neuropeptides can modulate thymic function and thymulin secretion, indicating a bidirectional neuroendocrine interaction.
1, 10, 100, or 1,000 ng/mLincubation(Chinese Meishan boars and White composite boars)3, 6, or 12 h4.4, 44.4, or 444.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boars)not mentioned1-25 microgsystemic injection(not mentioned)not mentioned
PubMed
Safety

Safety & Handling

Research Gaps

No randomized controlled human trials have been conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of thymulin as a therapeutic agent in humans. Additionally, the long-term effects of thymulin therapy on immune function and potential hormonal interactions remain unclear, as well as the precise molecular mechanisms by which thymulin exerts its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.

Solubility

Thymulin is soluble in water and saline solutions but has limited solubility in organic solvents like acetonitrile and DMSO.

Storage & Handling

Lyophilized

Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C

Reconstituted

Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C

Avoid

Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light

Solvent

Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended

Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.

Legal Status

Legal Status

🇩🇪DE

Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.

🇺🇸US

Not approved by the FDA as a medicinal product. Not scheduled by the DEA.

🇦🇺AU

Not listed in the TGA schedules. Use is limited to research purposes.

🇬🇧UK

Not approved by the MHRA as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance.

Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.

Community Insights

Community Insights

Publications per Year

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Pricing

Price Comparison

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Mechanism

Tools

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Mechanism

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Legal Disclaimer

This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer