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Thymulin

Facteur Thymique Serique · FTS

Immune SystemPreclinical
From$1.68/mgCompare prices
MW
858.9g/mol
Formula
C33H54N12O15

Thymulin is a thymic peptide hormone produced exclusively by the epithelial cells of the thymus, consisting of a nonapeptide linked to zinc, which is essential for its biological activity. Researchers primarily study thymulin for its role in T-cell differentiation and its potential therapeutic applications, particularly in the context of neuroendocrine regulation and inflammation. Key findings indicate that thymulin exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in the central nervous system, and studies suggest that gene therapy approaches utilizing thymulin may help mitigate hormonal and reproductive abnormalities in thymus-deficient models. Current research is focused on elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying thymulin's effects and exploring its therapeutic potential in various conditions, including autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis.

Chemical Profile

Chemical Profile

Chemical structure
Chemical Structure
FormulaC33H54N12O15
Molecular Weight858.9 g/mol
CAS Number78922-62-0
PubChem CID71300623

Half-Life

INIntranasal

Not applicable

POOral

Poor bioavailability

Thymulin's bioavailability is limited by its peptide nature, leading to rapid degradation in the gastrointestinal tract.

Mechanism

Mechanism of Action

Thymulin, a zinc-binding nonapeptide produced by thymic epithelial cells, acts primarily through binding to specific receptors on T-cells, influencing their differentiation and function. Its mechanism involves modulation of signaling pathways such as the NF-kappaB pathway, leading to reduced immune cell activation and cytokine production, particularly interleukin-6 and interferon-gamma, thereby exerting anti-inflammatory effects. While its precise receptor interactions and all downstream signaling events remain to be fully elucidated, thymulin's role in the hypophyso-thymic axis and its therapeutic potential in conditions like multiple sclerosis highlight its significance in immune regulation.

Research

81 Research Publications

3,635

Total Citations

11

Human/RCT

2.5

Avg. Influence

2015

Latest

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#01

Clinical, immunological, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant roles of zinc.

ReviewInfluence8.0
451
The review discussed the essential role of zinc in immune function and its deficiency in the elderly, highlighting its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
250 µg/100 g of body weightinjection(mouse)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-5) Mperifusion(rat)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-3) Mincubation(rat)not mentioned10(8) plaque forming units (pfu)/animalintramuscular(rat)not mentioned
PubMed
#02

Serum thymulin in human zinc deficiency.

HumanInfluence11.0
348
Researchers observed that serum thymulin activity decreased due to mild zinc deficiency in humans, which was corrected by zinc supplementation, indicating its sensitivity as an indicator of zinc status.
250 µg/100 g of body weightinjection(mouse)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-5) Mperifusion(rat)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-3) Mincubation(rat)not mentioned10(8) plaque forming units (pfu)/animalintramuscular(rat)not mentioned
PubMed
#03

Zinc: mechanisms of host defense.

ReviewInfluence8.0
319
Researchers observed that zinc deficiency impairs thymulin activity, leading to a shift in T-helper cell function and decreased immune response in humans.
250 µg/100 g of body weightinjection(mouse)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-5) Mperifusion(rat)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-3) Mincubation(rat)not mentioned10(8) plaque forming units (pfu)/animalintramuscular(rat)not mentioned
PubMed
#04

Neuroendocrine control of thymus physiology.

ReviewInfluence12.0
296
Researchers observed that neuroendocrine factors significantly influence thymus physiology and T-cell differentiation.
250 µg/100 g of body weightinjection(mouse)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-5) Mperifusion(rat)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-3) Mincubation(rat)not mentioned10(8) plaque forming units (pfu)/animalintramuscular(rat)not mentioned
PubMed
#05

Zinc deficiency in elderly patients.

Case ReportInfluence6.0
264
Researchers observed that zinc deficiency in elderly patients was associated with decreased immune function and thymulin activity, which improved with zinc supplementation.
250 µg/100 g of body weightinjection(mouse)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-5) Mperifusion(rat)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-3) Mincubation(rat)not mentioned10(8) plaque forming units (pfu)/animalintramuscular(rat)not mentioned
PubMed
#06

Role of thymic peptides as transmitters between the neuroendocrine and immune systems.

ReviewInfluence1.0
226
Researchers observed that thymic peptides, including thymulin, play a crucial role in the interactions between the neuroendocrine and immune systems, influencing hormone release and immune function.
1.8 mg/kg e.o.dintraperitoneal(mouse)0.15 mg/kg e.o.dintraperitoneal(mouse)250 µg/100 g of body weight(mouse)15 µg/100 g body weight(mouse)1.25 µg in 50 µl salineintraplantar(rat)50 µg in 100 µlintraperitoneal(rat)50 ngintraperitoneal(rat)200 ng(mouse)0.2 mg/kg(rat)0.4 mg/kg(rat)2 mg/kg(rat)10(-8) to 10(-5) M10(-8) to 10(-3) M10(8) pfu/animalintramuscular(rat)
PubMed
#07

Thyroid function modulates thymic endocrine activity.

HumanInfluence2.0
161
Researchers observed that thyroid function significantly influences thymulin levels in humans, with higher levels in hyperthyroid patients and lower levels in hypothyroid patients.
1-25 microgsystemic(mouse)15 microg/100 g body weightinjection(mouse)1.8 mg/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)0.15 mg/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)4.4, 44.4, or 444.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boar)200 nginjection(mouse)10(-8) to 10(-5) M(rat)10(-8) to 10(-3) M(rat)1.25 microg in 50 microl salineintraplantar(rat)50 microg in 100 microlintraperitoneal(rat)10(8) plaque forming units (pfu)/animalintramuscular(rat)
PubMed
#08

Growth hormone treatment stimulates thymulin production in aged dogs.

AnimalInfluence1.0
122
Researchers observed that growth hormone treatment increased plasma thymulin concentrations in middle-aged dogs, indicating a potential method to rejuvenate thymic function in aging.
1.8 mg/kg e.o.dintraperitoneal(mouse)0.15 mg/kg e.o.dintraperitoneal(mouse)250 µg/100 g of body weight(mouse)15 µg/100 g body weight(mouse)1.25 µg in 50 µl salineintraplantar(rat)50 µg in 100 µlintraperitoneal(rat)50 ngintraperitoneal(rat)200 ng(mouse)0.2 mg/kg(rat)0.4 mg/kg(rat)2 mg/kg(rat)10(-8) to 10(-5) M10(-8) to 10(-3) M10(8) pfu/animalintramuscular(rat)
PubMed
#09

Therapeutic application of zinc in human immunodeficiency virus against opportunistic infections.

HumanInfluence4.0
96
The study demonstrated that zinc supplementation significantly restores active thymulin levels and CD4(+) cell counts in HIV-positive individuals, reducing the incidence of opportunistic infections compared to those treated with zidovudine alone.
250 µg/100 g of body weightinjection(mouse)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-5) Mperifusion(rat)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-3) Mincubation(rat)not mentioned10(8) plaque forming units (pfu)/animalintramuscular(rat)not mentioned
PubMed
#10

Avian leukocytic cytokines.

ReviewInfluence4.0
65
Researchers observed that avian leukocytic cytokines, including thymulin, play roles in immune regulation but require further characterization at the molecular level.
250 µg/100 g of body weightinjection(mouse)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-5) Mperifusion(rat)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-3) Mincubation(rat)not mentioned10(8) plaque forming units (pfu)/animalintramuscular(rat)not mentioned
PubMed
Safety

Safety & Handling

Research Gaps

No randomized controlled human trials have been conducted to assess the therapeutic efficacy and safety of thymulin in humans. Additionally, the long-term effects of thymulin treatment on the neuroendocrine system and immune response remain unclear, as well as the precise molecular mechanisms underlying its anti-inflammatory properties in various conditions, including multiple sclerosis.

Solubility

Thymulin is soluble in water and saline solutions but has limited solubility in organic solvents like acetonitrile and DMSO.

Storage & Handling

Lyophilized

Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C

Reconstituted

Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C

Avoid

Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light

Solvent

Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended

Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.

Legal Status

Legal Status

🇩🇪DE

Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.

🇺🇸US

Not approved by the FDA as a medicinal product. Not scheduled by the DEA.

🇦🇺AU

Not listed in the TGA schedules. Use is limited to research purposes.

🇬🇧UK

Not approved by the MHRA as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance.

Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.

Community Insights

Community Insights

Publications per Year

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Pricing

Price Comparison

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  • Simple PeptideUS
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  • BioLongevity LabsUS
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    $64.97
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    Price/mg
    $6.50$5.52/mg
    View−15% · PEPSTACK

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Mechanism

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Mechanism

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Legal Disclaimer

This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer