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Thymulin

Facteur Thymique Serique · FTS

Immune SystemPreclinical
From$2.03/mgCompare prices
MW
858.9g/mol
Formula
C33H54N12O15

Thymulin is a thymic peptide hormone produced exclusively by the epithelial cells of the thymus, characterized by its nonapeptide structure and zinc ion association, which is essential for its biological activity. Researchers primarily study thymulin for its role in T-cell differentiation and its interactions within the neuroendocrine system. Key findings indicate that thymulin not only influences T-cell development but also exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, particularly in the central nervous system, with studies suggesting its potential in gene therapy to address hormonal and reproductive abnormalities in thymus-deficient models. Current research is focused on elucidating the molecular biology of thymulin and exploring its therapeutic applications, including its protective effects on the blood-brain barrier in models of multiple sclerosis.

Chemical Profile

Chemical Profile

Chemical structure
Chemical Structure
FormulaC33H54N12O15
Molecular Weight858.9 g/mol
CAS Number78922-62-0
PubChem CID71300623

Half-Life

INIntranasal

Not applicable

POOral

Poor bioavailability

Thymulin's bioavailability is limited by its peptide nature, leading to rapid degradation in the gastrointestinal tract.

Mechanism

Mechanism of Action

Thymulin, a zinc-binding nonapeptide produced by thymic epithelial cells, acts primarily through its interaction with specific receptors on T-cells, influencing their differentiation and function. It is suggested to engage in signaling pathways such as the NF-kappaB cascade, leading to modulation of immune responses and anti-inflammatory effects, particularly in the central nervous system. However, the precise receptors and complete signaling mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated.

Research

76 Research Publications

2,840

Total Citations

9

Human/RCT

2.0

Avg. Influence

2015

Latest

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#01

Clinical, immunological, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant roles of zinc.

AnimalInfluence8.0
446
Researchers observed that zinc deficiency in humans leads to severe immune dysfunctions and decreased thymulin activity, which can be corrected by zinc supplementation.
15 µg/100 g body weightinjection(male NMRI mice)50 ngintraperitoneal(rat)4.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boars)44.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boars)444.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boars)250 µg/100 g of body weightinjection(mice)1.25 µg in 50 µl salineintraplantar(rat)50 µg in 100 µlintraperitoneal(rat)
PubMed
#02

Zinc: mechanisms of host defense.

ReviewInfluence9.0
318
Researchers observed that zinc deficiency decreases thymulin activity, leading to impaired T-helper 1 cytokine production and immune dysfunction in humans.
15 µg/100 g body weightinjection(male NMRI mice)50 ngintraperitoneal(rat)4.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boars)44.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boars)444.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boars)250 µg/100 g of body weightinjection(mice)1.25 µg in 50 µl salineintraplantar(rat)50 µg in 100 µlintraperitoneal(rat)
PubMed
#03

Neuroendocrine control of thymus physiology.

ReviewInfluence11.0
298
Researchers observed that thymus physiology is influenced by neuroendocrine factors, which modulate thymocyte differentiation and thymulin production.
15 µg/100 g body weightinjection(male NMRI mice)50 ngintraperitoneal(rat)4.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boars)44.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boars)444.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boars)250 µg/100 g of body weightinjection(mice)1.25 µg in 50 µl salineintraplantar(rat)50 µg in 100 µlintraperitoneal(rat)
PubMed
#04

Role of thymic peptides as transmitters between the neuroendocrine and immune systems.

ReviewInfluence1.0
226
Researchers observed that thymic peptides, including thymulin, play a crucial role in the interactions between the neuroendocrine and immune systems, influencing hormone release and immune function.
1.8 mg/kg e.o.dintraperitoneal(mouse)0.15 mg/kg e.o.dintraperitoneal(mouse)250 µg/100 g of body weight(mouse)15 µg/100 g body weight(mouse)1.25 µg in 50 µl salineintraplantar(rat)50 µg in 100 µlintraperitoneal(rat)50 ngintraperitoneal(rat)200 ng(mouse)0.2 mg/kg(rat)0.4 mg/kg(rat)2 mg/kg(rat)10(-8) to 10(-5) M10(-8) to 10(-3) M10(8) pfu/animalintramuscular(rat)
PubMed
#05

Thyroid function modulates thymic endocrine activity.

HumanInfluence2.0
161
Researchers observed that thyroid function significantly influences thymulin levels in humans, with higher levels in hyperthyroid patients and lower levels in hypothyroid patients.
1-25 microgsystemic(mouse)15 microg/100 g body weightinjection(mouse)1.8 mg/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)0.15 mg/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)4.4, 44.4, or 444.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boar)200 nginjection(mouse)10(-8) to 10(-5) M(rat)10(-8) to 10(-3) M(rat)1.25 microg in 50 microl salineintraplantar(rat)50 microg in 100 microlintraperitoneal(rat)10(8) plaque forming units (pfu)/animalintramuscular(rat)
PubMed
#06

Growth hormone treatment stimulates thymulin production in aged dogs.

AnimalInfluence1.0
122
Researchers observed that growth hormone treatment increased plasma thymulin concentrations in middle-aged dogs, indicating a potential method to rejuvenate thymic function in aging.
1.8 mg/kg e.o.dintraperitoneal(mouse)0.15 mg/kg e.o.dintraperitoneal(mouse)250 µg/100 g of body weight(mouse)15 µg/100 g body weight(mouse)1.25 µg in 50 µl salineintraplantar(rat)50 µg in 100 µlintraperitoneal(rat)50 ngintraperitoneal(rat)200 ng(mouse)0.2 mg/kg(rat)0.4 mg/kg(rat)2 mg/kg(rat)10(-8) to 10(-5) M10(-8) to 10(-3) M10(8) pfu/animalintramuscular(rat)
PubMed
#07

Avian leukocytic cytokines.

ReviewInfluence3.0
65
The study demonstrated that avian leukocytic cytokines play significant roles in immune regulation, although their molecular characterization remains limited.
15 µg/100 g body weightinjection(male NMRI mice)50 ngintraperitoneal(rat)4.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boars)44.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boars)444.4 ng/kg BWintravenous(boars)250 µg/100 g of body weightinjection(mice)1.25 µg in 50 µl salineintraplantar(rat)50 µg in 100 µlintraperitoneal(rat)
PubMed
#08

Sex hormones and the thymus in relation to thymocyte proliferation and maturation.

ReviewInfluence1.0
63
The study demonstrated that sex hormones influence thymocyte proliferation and maturation through genomic and non-genomic mechanisms, affecting thymic factors like thymulin.
1.8 mg/kg e.o.dintraperitoneal(mouse)0.15 mg/kg e.o.dintraperitoneal(mouse)250 µg/100 g of body weight(mouse)15 µg/100 g body weight(mouse)1.25 µg in 50 µl salineintraplantar(rat)50 µg in 100 µlintraperitoneal(rat)50 ngintraperitoneal(rat)200 ng(mouse)0.2 mg/kg(rat)0.4 mg/kg(rat)2 mg/kg(rat)10(-8) to 10(-5) M10(-8) to 10(-3) M10(8) pfu/animalintramuscular(rat)
PubMed
#09

The immune-endocrine loop during aging: role of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I.

ReviewInfluence1.0
57
The study demonstrated that growth hormone and IGF-I treatment can restore thymulin synthesis and improve thymic architecture in aged individuals, suggesting a link between neuroendocrine and immune systems.
1.8 mg/kg e.o.dintraperitoneal(mouse)0.15 mg/kg e.o.dintraperitoneal(mouse)250 µg/100 g of body weight(mouse)15 µg/100 g body weight(mouse)1.25 µg in 50 µl salineintraplantar(rat)50 µg in 100 µlintraperitoneal(rat)50 ngintraperitoneal(rat)200 ng(mouse)0.2 mg/kg(rat)0.4 mg/kg(rat)2 mg/kg(rat)10(-8) to 10(-5) M10(-8) to 10(-3) M10(8) pfu/animalintramuscular(rat)
PubMed
#10

Plasticity of neuroendocrine-thymus interactions during ontogeny and ageing: role of zinc and arginine.

ReviewInfluence1.0
47
Researchers observed that various endocrinological and nutritional manipulations can reactivate thymic functions in aged animals, highlighting the importance of neuroendocrine-thymus interactions.
1.8 mg/kg e.o.dintraperitoneal(mouse)0.15 mg/kg e.o.dintraperitoneal(mouse)250 µg/100 g of body weight(mouse)15 µg/100 g body weight(mouse)1.25 µg in 50 µl salineintraplantar(rat)50 µg in 100 µlintraperitoneal(rat)50 ngintraperitoneal(rat)200 ng(mouse)0.2 mg/kg(rat)0.4 mg/kg(rat)2 mg/kg(rat)10(-8) to 10(-5) M10(-8) to 10(-3) M10(8) pfu/animalintramuscular(rat)
PubMed
Safety

Safety & Handling

Research Gaps

No randomized controlled human trials have been conducted to evaluate the therapeutic potential of thymulin in humans. Additionally, the long-term effects of thymulin treatment, particularly in relation to its anti-inflammatory properties and potential side effects, remain unclear. The precise mechanisms by which thymulin influences the neuroendocrine system and T-cell differentiation are still not fully understood.

Solubility

Thymulin is soluble in water and saline solutions but has limited solubility in organic solvents like acetonitrile and DMSO.

Storage & Handling

Lyophilized

Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C

Reconstituted

Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C

Avoid

Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light

Solvent

Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended

Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.

Legal Status

Legal Status

🇩🇪DE

Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.

🇺🇸US

Not approved by the FDA as a medicinal product. Not scheduled by the DEA.

🇦🇺AU

Not listed in the TGA schedules. Use is limited to research purposes.

🇬🇧UK

Not approved by the MHRA as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance.

Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.

Community Insights

Community Insights

Publications per Year

47 total
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Pricing

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Mechanism

Tools

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Mechanism

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Legal Disclaimer

This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer