Cathelicidin · hCAP18 · CAMP
LL-37 is a human cathelicidin peptide that plays a crucial role in the innate immune system, exhibiting both antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. Researchers primarily study LL-37 for its potential implications in various diseases, including atherosclerosis and HIV infection. Key findings indicate that LL-37 can induce endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in endothelial cells, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, while also displaying anti-HIV activity by inhibiting viral replication in primary T cells. Furthermore, studies suggest that LL-37 has a dual role in immune modulation, promoting inflammation in some contexts while inhibiting it in others. Current research continues to explore the multifaceted functions of LL-37, particularly its potential applications in disease prevention and treatment.
| Formula | C205H340N60O53 |
| Molecular Weight | 4493 g/mol |
| CAS Number | 154947-66-7 |
| PubChem CID | 16198951 |
Poor bioavailability
LL-37 is rapidly degraded by proteases, affecting its stability and bioavailability.
LL-37 induces endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in endothelial cells by activating the Akt signaling pathway and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), leading to decreased expression of endothelial markers and increased expression of mesenchymal markers. Additionally, LL-37 exhibits immunomodulatory effects that can enhance or inhibit HIV replication, although the precise mechanisms and receptor interactions involved in these activities remain to be fully elucidated. Its multifunctional role in inflammation and cancer further complicates the understanding of its signaling pathways and biological processes.
3,989
Total Citations
32
Human/RCT
3.4
Avg. Influence
2024
Latest
Researchers observed that LL-37 contributes to the development of autoimmune diseases by modulating immune and inflammatory pathways.
Researchers discussed LL-37's diverse roles in host defense, including its antimicrobial properties and immunomodulatory effects on inflammation and tissue repair.
The review highlighted that LL-37 is a multifunctional antimicrobial peptide essential for immune responses, with various activities including angiogenesis and cytokine release.
The review summarized that the molecular structure of LL-37 influences its balance between antimicrobial and immunomodulatory functions.
Researchers observed that LL-37 incorporated into cubosomes provides protection against enzymatic degradation and maintains bactericidal activity in an ex vivo pig skin wound infection model.
The study demonstrated that LL-37 enhances bacterial phagocytosis by human macrophages through the activation of specific receptors.
Researchers reviewed the complex roles of LL-37 in cancer, noting its dual effects in promoting and suppressing tumorigenesis depending on the cancer type.
The study demonstrated that the antimicrobial human LL-37(17-29) peptide self-assembles into fibrils that disrupt bacterial membranes, suggesting a structural basis for its antibacterial activity.
The review highlighted that LL-37 has dual immunomodulatory functions that can promote inflammation and immune response while also inhibiting inflammation and promoting carcinogenesis in various tissues.
Fabisiak Adam, et al. · Pharmacological reports : PR · 2016
Researchers discussed LL-37's broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and its potential therapeutic applications across immunological, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and skin systems.
Key findings
No randomized controlled human trials have been conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of LL-37 in clinical settings, particularly regarding its dual role in promoting inflammation and inhibiting it in different tissues. Additionally, the long-term effects of LL-37 on immune modulation and its potential implications in cancer development remain unclear, as well as the precise mechanisms by which LL-37 exerts its anti-HIV activity and influences various disease outcomes.
Solubility
LL-37 is soluble in water and aqueous buffers, but solubility in organic solvents like DMSO is limited.
Lyophilized
Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C
Reconstituted
Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C
Avoid
Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light
Solvent
Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended
Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.
🇩🇪DE
Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.
🇺🇸US
Not approved by the FDA as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance.
🇦🇺AU
Not listed in the TGA schedules. Use is limited to research purposes.
🇬🇧UK
Not approved as a medicinal product by MHRA. Not a controlled substance.
Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.
Publications per Year
50 total| Vendor | Amount | Price | Price/mg | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
BESTPeptiLab USAUS | 5mg | $29.99 | $6.00/mg | |
Ruo BioUS | 5mg | $38.00 | $7.60/mg | |
Modern ResearchUS | 5mg | $37.99 | $7.60/mg | |
EZ PeptidesUS | 10mg | $78.00 | $7.80/mg | |
AMP PeptidesUS | 10mg | $80.00 | $8.00/mg |
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This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer