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VIP

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide · Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide

Immune SystemPhase III
From$2.81/mgCompare prices
MW
3326.8g/mol
Formula
C147H237N43O43S

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide originally isolated from the porcine duodenum, classified within the family of regulatory peptides that includes glucagon and secretin. Researchers primarily study VIP for its diverse roles as a neurotransmitter and hormone, influencing various physiological processes such as neuroendocrine functions, cardiac activity, and digestion. Key findings indicate that VIP is involved in modulating immune responses and may play a role in cancer proliferation, with studies suggesting that VIP receptor antagonists could enhance T-cell activation in anti-leukemia models. Current research continues to explore the mechanisms of VIP action and its potential therapeutic applications, particularly in the context of cancer and immune regulation.

Chemical Profile

Chemical Profile

Chemical structure
Chemical Structure
FormulaC147H237N43O43S
Molecular Weight3326.8 g/mol
CAS Number37221-79-7
PubChem CID53314964
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL1981592

Half-Life

IVIntravenous

~2 minutes

POOral

Poor bioavailability

VIP is rapidly degraded by peptidases, limiting its half-life and bioavailability.

Mechanism

Mechanism of Action

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) exerts its biological effects primarily through the activation of VPAC(1) and VPAC(2) receptors, which are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This interaction stimulates adenylate cyclase activity, leading to increased intracellular cAMP levels and subsequent activation of protein kinase A (PKA), thereby influencing various physiological processes such as neurotransmission, vasodilation, and modulation of immune responses. Although the precise mechanisms of action and downstream signaling pathways remain incompletely understood, VIP is implicated in neuroendocrine regulation, cardiac function, and immune modulation.

Research

84 Research Publications

3,231

Total Citations

10

Human/RCT

2.0

Avg. Influence

2024

Latest

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#01

Co-existence of peptide HI (PHI) and VIP in nerves regulating blood flow and bronchial smooth muscle tone in various mammals including man.

AnimalInfluence2.0
252
Researchers observed that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and peptide HI (PHI) coexist in autonomic neurons across various mammals, including humans, and both induce hypotension and relax bronchial smooth muscle.
1 µmol.l-110 µM(ferret)0.1 µM(ferret)100 pg/ovary(rat)215 nM(rat)1.8 nM(bovine)2.3 nM(bovine)6.8 nM(bovine)9.0 nM(bovine)4.2 nM(porcine)1.6 nM(human)12 nM(rat)12 nM(rat)100 nM(rat)
PubMed
#02

Peptide-containing nerve fibers in the stomach wall of rat and mouse.

AnimalInfluence3.0
151
The study demonstrated that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and related neuropeptides are prevalent in peptide-containing nerve fibers throughout the stomach wall of rats and mice.
1 µmol.l-110 µM(ferret)0.1 µM(ferret)100 pg/ovary(rat)215 nM(rat)1.8 nM(bovine)2.3 nM(bovine)6.8 nM(bovine)9.0 nM(bovine)4.2 nM(porcine)1.6 nM(human)12 nM(rat)12 nM(rat)100 nM(rat)
PubMed
#03

VIP and PHI coexist with an NPY-like peptide in intramural neurones of the small intestine.

AnimalInfluence2.0
145
Researchers observed that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) coexist with neuropeptide Y (NPY) in non-adrenergic nerve fibers in the small intestine of mouse, rat, and pig.
1 µmol.l-110 µM(ferret)0.1 µM(ferret)100 pg/ovary(rat)215 nM(rat)1.8 nM(bovine)2.3 nM(bovine)6.8 nM(bovine)9.0 nM(bovine)4.2 nM(porcine)1.6 nM(human)12 nM(rat)12 nM(rat)100 nM(rat)
PubMed
#04

Differences in colocalization between Fos and PHI, GRP, VIP and VP in neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus after a light stimulus during the phase delay versus the phase advance period of the night.

AnimalInfluence7.0
139
Researchers observed that light stimuli at different times significantly influenced Fos expression and colocalization with PHI, GRP, and VIP in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.
1 nmol/kgintravenous(mouse)10 µgsubcutaneous(mouse)1 µM10 µM0.1 N HClintraduodenal infusion(canine)1 µM1 µM
PubMed
#05

The immature rat ovary is innervated by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-containing fibers and responds to VIP with steroid secretion.

AnimalInfluence6.0
130
Researchers observed that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) stimulates steroid secretion in immature rat ovaries, with varying responses during different developmental stages.
1 µmol.l-110 µM(ferret)0.1 µM(ferret)100 pg/ovary(rat)215 nM(rat)1.8 nM(bovine)2.3 nM(bovine)6.8 nM(bovine)9.0 nM(bovine)4.2 nM(porcine)1.6 nM(human)12 nM(rat)12 nM(rat)100 nM(rat)
PubMed
#06

A vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonist inhibits non-small cell lung cancer growth.

Animal
129
Researchers observed that a VIP antagonist significantly inhibits non-small cell lung cancer growth in mice, suggesting VIP's role in tumor proliferation.
1 nmol/kgintravenous(mouse)10 µgsubcutaneous(mouse)1 µM10 µM0.1 N HClintraduodenal infusion(canine)1 µM1 µM
PubMed
#07

Further investigations of intestinal hormonal polypeptides.

In VitroInfluence1.0
106
The study demonstrated the identification of additional hormonal polypeptides, including vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), in intestinal extracts.
1 µmol.l-110 µM(ferret)0.1 µM(ferret)100 pg/ovary(rat)215 nM(rat)1.8 nM(bovine)2.3 nM(bovine)6.8 nM(bovine)9.0 nM(bovine)4.2 nM(porcine)1.6 nM(human)12 nM(rat)12 nM(rat)100 nM(rat)
PubMed
#08

The distributions of PHI and VIP in porcine gut and their co-localisation to a proportion of intrinsic ganglion cells.

AnimalInfluence1.0
94
Researchers observed that VIP and PHI are co-localized in a significant proportion of intrinsic ganglion cells in the porcine gut, with VIP being more prevalent in the fundic region.
1 µmol.l-110 µM(ferret)0.1 µM(ferret)100 pg/ovary(rat)215 nM(rat)1.8 nM(bovine)2.3 nM(bovine)6.8 nM(bovine)9.0 nM(bovine)4.2 nM(porcine)1.6 nM(human)12 nM(rat)12 nM(rat)100 nM(rat)
PubMed
#09

Regulatory peptides and neuron-specific enolase in the respiratory tract of man and other mammals.

ReviewInfluence1.0
88
Researchers observed that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is predominantly found in autonomic nerves of the respiratory tract, influencing blood vessel and gland innervation.
1 nmol/kgintravenous(mouse)10 µgsubcutaneous(mouse)1 µM10 µM0.1 N HClintraduodenal infusion(canine)1 µM1 µM
PubMed
#10

VIP: molecular biology and neurobiological function.

Review
88
Researchers observed that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) plays a crucial role in various physiological functions in the mammalian brain, acting as a neurotransmitter and modulator.
1 µmol.l-110 µM(ferret)0.1 µM(ferret)100 pg/ovary(rat)215 nM(rat)1.8 nM(bovine)2.3 nM(bovine)6.8 nM(bovine)9.0 nM(bovine)4.2 nM(porcine)1.6 nM(human)12 nM(rat)12 nM(rat)100 nM(rat)
PubMed
Safety

Safety & Handling

Research Gaps

There is a lack of comprehensive human clinical trials assessing the long-term effects and safety of VIP receptor antagonists in cancer therapy, particularly in relation to their immunomodulatory effects. Additionally, the precise mechanisms by which VIP influences T-cell activation and its role in cancer proliferation and immune suppression remain unclear, necessitating further investigation into the signaling pathways involved.

Solubility

VIP is soluble in water and dilute acetic acid but has limited solubility in organic solvents like acetonitrile and DMSO.

Storage & Handling

Lyophilized

Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C

Reconstituted

Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C

Avoid

Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light

Solvent

Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended

Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.

Legal Status

Legal Status

🇩🇪DE

Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.

🇺🇸US

Not approved by the FDA as a medicinal product. Not scheduled by the DEA.

🇦🇺AU

Not listed in the TGA schedules.

🇬🇧UK

Not approved by the MHRA as a medicinal product.

Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.

Community Insights

Community Insights

Publications per Year

48 total
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Pricing

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Mechanism

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Mechanism

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Legal Disclaimer

This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer