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VIP

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide · Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide

Immune SystemPhase III
From$2.81/mgCompare prices
MW
3326.8g/mol
Formula
C147H237N43O43S

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide originally isolated from the porcine duodenum, classified within a family of regulatory peptides that includes glucagon and secretin. Researchers primarily study VIP for its roles as a neurotransmitter and hormone, particularly in the regulation of various physiological processes such as digestion, cardiac activity, and neuroendocrine functions. Key findings indicate that VIP is involved in modulating brain activity and may act as a neuronal survival factor, with its expression regulated by both neuronal and endocrine signals. Furthermore, studies have highlighted significant species differences in VIP pharmacophore interactions with its receptors, suggesting the need for careful consideration in the design of VIP analogs for therapeutic applications. Current research continues to explore VIP's potential in treating neurological disorders and its mechanisms of action in various biological systems.

Chemical Profile

Chemical Profile

Chemical structure
Chemical Structure
FormulaC147H237N43O43S
Molecular Weight3326.8 g/mol
CAS Number37221-79-7
PubChem CID53314964
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL1981592

Half-Life

IVIntravenous

~2 minutes

POOral

Poor bioavailability

VIP is rapidly degraded by peptidases, limiting its half-life and bioavailability.

Mechanism

Mechanism of Action

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) primarily exerts its effects through the VPAC(1) and VPAC(2) receptors, activating intracellular signaling pathways such as the cAMP pathway. This signaling cascade influences various biological processes, including neurotransmission, neuroendocrine regulation, cardiac function, and digestion. While the general mechanism is established, specific interactions and the full extent of the signaling pathways involved remain to be fully elucidated.

Research

142 Research Publications

7,210

Total Citations

20

Human/RCT

3.4

Avg. Influence

2024

Latest

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#01

Delivery of peptides and proteins through the blood-brain barrier.

AnimalInfluence21.0
419
The study demonstrated that a chimeric peptide strategy using a vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) analogue and the OX26 monoclonal antibody enabled successful delivery of peptides across the blood-brain barrier in vivo.
PubMed
#02

Pancreatic endocrine tumors.

HumanInfluence4.0
313
The study demonstrated that VIP-omas, along with other pancreatic endocrine tumors, often exhibit malignancy, highlighting the complex biological systems of pancreatic tumors.
PubMed
#03

Primary sensory neurons of the rat showing calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity and their relation to substance P-, somatostatin-, galanin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and cholecystokinin-immunoreactive ganglion cells.

AnimalInfluence13.0
265
Researchers observed that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was the most prevalent peptide in primary sensory neurons, often coexisting with substance P and galanin, suggesting a generalized function in sensory modalities.
PubMed
#04

Co-existence of peptide HI (PHI) and VIP in nerves regulating blood flow and bronchial smooth muscle tone in various mammals including man.

AnimalInfluence2.0
252
Researchers observed that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and peptide HI (PHI) coexist in autonomic neurons across various mammals, including humans, and have overlapping physiological effects.
1 µmol.l-110 µM(ferret)0.1 µM(ferret)100 pg/ovary(rat)215 nM(rat)1.8 nM(bovine)2.3 nM(bovine)6.8 nM(bovine)9.0 nM(bovine)4.2 nM(porcine)1.6 nM(human)12 nM(rat)12 nM(rat)100 nM(rat)
PubMed
#05

Neuropeptides phase shift the mammalian circadian pacemaker.

AnimalInfluence24.0
226
The study demonstrated that microinjections of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and other neuropeptides into the suprachiasmatic nucleus induce phase shifts in circadian rhythms of Syrian hamsters.
PubMed
#06

Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).

AnimalInfluence12.0
214
The study demonstrated that vasoactive intestinal peptide-containing projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus in golden hamsters target specific hypothalamic regions.
PubMed
#07

Molecular anatomy of the neuro-immune connection.

AnimalInfluence10.0
210
The study demonstrated a complex peptidergic innervation in lymphoid tissues across various mammalian species, highlighting the coexistence of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine (VIP/PHI) with other neuropeptides.
PubMed
#08

Distribution of certain peptide-containing nerve fibres and endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa in five mammalian species.

AnimalInfluence5.0
199
Researchers observed a general similarity in the distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide-containing nerve fibers across five mammalian species, with variations noted in specific regions.
PubMed
#09

Distribution and coexistence of corticotropin-releasing factor-, neurotensin-, enkephalin-, cholecystokinin-, galanin- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine-like peptides in the parvocellular part of the paraventricular nucleus.

AnimalInfluence6.0
169
The study demonstrated that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) coexists with other neuropeptides in the parvocellular part of the paraventricular nucleus in rats, suggesting complex interactions in neuropeptide signaling.
PubMed
#10

Peptide-containing nerve fibers in the stomach wall of rat and mouse.

AnimalInfluence3.0
151
The study demonstrated that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and other neuropeptides are abundantly present in the stomach wall of rats and mice, indicating a complex peptidergic innervation.
1 µmol.l-110 µM(ferret)0.1 µM(ferret)100 pg/ovary(rat)215 nM(rat)1.8 nM(bovine)2.3 nM(bovine)6.8 nM(bovine)9.0 nM(bovine)4.2 nM(porcine)1.6 nM(human)12 nM(rat)12 nM(rat)100 nM(rat)
PubMed
Safety

Safety & Handling

Research Gaps

No clinical trials involving human subjects have been conducted to assess the therapeutic efficacy and safety of VIP analogs in neurological disorders. Additionally, the long-term effects of VIP-based therapies on human physiology and potential side effects remain largely unknown, particularly in relation to their impact on neuroendocrine functions and neurotransmitter systems.

Solubility

VIP is soluble in water and dilute acetic acid but has limited solubility in organic solvents like acetonitrile and DMSO.

Storage & Handling

Lyophilized

Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C

Reconstituted

Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C

Avoid

Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light

Solvent

Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended

Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.

Legal Status

Legal Status

🇩🇪DE

Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.

🇺🇸US

Not approved by the FDA as a medicinal product. Not scheduled by the DEA.

🇦🇺AU

Not listed in the TGA schedules.

🇬🇧UK

Not approved by the MHRA as a medicinal product.

Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.

Community Insights

Community Insights

Publications per Year

48 total
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Mechanism

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Mechanism

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Legal Disclaimer

This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer