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VIP

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide · Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide

Immune SystemPhase III
From$2.81/mgCompare prices
MW
3326.8g/mol
Formula
C147H237N43O43S

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide originally isolated from the porcine duodenum, classified within a family of regulatory peptides that includes glucagon and secretin. Researchers primarily study VIP for its multifaceted roles in neurotransmission, neuroendocrine functions, and various physiological processes, including cardiac activity and digestion. Key findings indicate that VIP is involved in modulating immune responses and cancer proliferation, with studies suggesting that it coexists with other neuropeptides like peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the small intestine. Current research is focused on elucidating VIP's pharmacological mechanisms, particularly its interactions with specific receptors, and developing VIP receptor antagonists that may enhance immune responses in cancer models.

Chemical Profile

Chemical Profile

Chemical structure
Chemical Structure
FormulaC147H237N43O43S
Molecular Weight3326.8 g/mol
CAS Number37221-79-7
PubChem CID53314964
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL1981592

Half-Life

IVIntravenous

~2 minutes

POOral

Poor bioavailability

VIP is rapidly degraded by peptidases, limiting its half-life and bioavailability.

Mechanism

Mechanism of Action

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) primarily exerts its effects through the VPAC(1) and VPAC(2) receptors, activating adenylate cyclase and increasing intracellular cAMP levels, which subsequently influences various biological processes such as neurotransmission, neuroendocrine regulation, and immune responses. VIP's role in modulating cardiac activity, digestion, and neuronal survival is mediated through these receptor-mediated signaling pathways, although the complete mechanistic details remain to be fully elucidated. Additionally, VIP has been implicated in cancer proliferation and immune suppression, highlighting its diverse physiological and pathological functions.

Research

84 Research Publications

3,252

Total Citations

10

Human/RCT

2.0

Avg. Influence

2024

Latest

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#01

Co-existence of peptide HI (PHI) and VIP in nerves regulating blood flow and bronchial smooth muscle tone in various mammals including man.

AnimalInfluence2.0
252
Researchers observed that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and peptide HI (PHI) coexist in autonomic neurons across various mammals, including humans, and both induce hypotension through peripheral vasodilation.
1 µmol.l-110 µM(ferret)0.1 µM(ferret)100 pg/ovary(rat)215 nM(rat)1.8 nM(bovine)2.3 nM(bovine)6.8 nM(bovine)9.0 nM(bovine)4.2 nM(porcine)1.6 nM(human)12 nM(rat)12 nM(rat)100 nM(rat)
PubMed
#02

Peptide-containing nerve fibers in the stomach wall of rat and mouse.

AnimalInfluence3.0
151
Researchers observed that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is present in numerous peptide-containing nerve fibers in the stomach wall of rats and mice, indicating its regulatory role.
1 µmol.l-110 µM(ferret)0.1 µM(ferret)100 pg/ovary(rat)215 nM(rat)1.8 nM(bovine)2.3 nM(bovine)6.8 nM(bovine)9.0 nM(bovine)4.2 nM(porcine)1.6 nM(human)12 nM(rat)12 nM(rat)100 nM(rat)
PubMed
#03

VIP and PHI coexist with an NPY-like peptide in intramural neurones of the small intestine.

AnimalInfluence2.0
145
Researchers observed the coexistence of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in non-adrenergic nerve fibers of the small intestine in mouse, rat, and pig.
1 µmol.l-110 µM(ferret)0.1 µM(ferret)100 pg/ovary(rat)215 nM(rat)1.8 nM(bovine)2.3 nM(bovine)6.8 nM(bovine)9.0 nM(bovine)4.2 nM(porcine)1.6 nM(human)12 nM(rat)12 nM(rat)100 nM(rat)
PubMed
#04

Differences in colocalization between Fos and PHI, GRP, VIP and VP in neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus after a light stimulus during the phase delay versus the phase advance period of the night.

AnimalInfluence7.0
139
Researchers observed that light stimuli at different times significantly influenced Fos expression and colocalization with PHI, GRP, and VIP in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.
1 nmol/kgintravenous(mouse)10 µgsubcutaneous(mouse)1 µM10 µM0.1 N HClintraduodenal infusion(canine)1 µM1 µM
PubMed
#05

The immature rat ovary is innervated by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-containing fibers and responds to VIP with steroid secretion.

AnimalInfluence6.0
130
Researchers observed that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) enhances steroid secretion in the immature rat ovary, with specific immunoreactive fibers localized around blood vessels and follicles.
1 µmol.l-110 µM(ferret)0.1 µM(ferret)100 pg/ovary(rat)215 nM(rat)1.8 nM(bovine)2.3 nM(bovine)6.8 nM(bovine)9.0 nM(bovine)4.2 nM(porcine)1.6 nM(human)12 nM(rat)12 nM(rat)100 nM(rat)
PubMed
#06

A vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonist inhibits non-small cell lung cancer growth.

Animal
129
Researchers observed that a VIP antagonist significantly inhibits non-small cell lung cancer growth in mice, suggesting VIP's role in tumor proliferation.
1 nmol/kgintravenous(mouse)10 µgsubcutaneous(mouse)1 µM10 µM0.1 N HClintraduodenal infusion(canine)1 µM1 µM
PubMed
#07

Further investigations of intestinal hormonal polypeptides.

In VitroInfluence1.0
106
Researchers observed the identification of additional hormonal polypeptides in intestinal extracts, including vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), contributing to the understanding of gut hormone diversity.
1 µmol.l-110 µM(ferret)0.1 µM(ferret)100 pg/ovary(rat)215 nM(rat)1.8 nM(bovine)2.3 nM(bovine)6.8 nM(bovine)9.0 nM(bovine)4.2 nM(porcine)1.6 nM(human)12 nM(rat)12 nM(rat)100 nM(rat)
PubMed
#08

The distributions of PHI and VIP in porcine gut and their co-localisation to a proportion of intrinsic ganglion cells.

AnimalInfluence1.0
94
The study demonstrated that VIP and PHI are co-localized in intrinsic ganglion cells of the porcine gut, with VIP being more prevalent than PHI, particularly in the fundus region.
1 µmol.l-110 µM(ferret)0.1 µM(ferret)100 pg/ovary(rat)215 nM(rat)1.8 nM(bovine)2.3 nM(bovine)6.8 nM(bovine)9.0 nM(bovine)4.2 nM(porcine)1.6 nM(human)12 nM(rat)12 nM(rat)100 nM(rat)
PubMed
#09

Regulatory peptides and neuron-specific enolase in the respiratory tract of man and other mammals.

ReviewInfluence1.0
88
Researchers observed that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is predominantly found in autonomic nerves of the respiratory tract, influencing blood vessel and gland innervation.
1 nmol/kgintravenous(mouse)10 µgsubcutaneous(mouse)1 µM10 µM0.1 N HClintraduodenal infusion(canine)1 µM1 µM
PubMed
#10

VIP: molecular biology and neurobiological function.

Review
88
Researchers observed that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) plays a crucial role in various physiological functions in the mammalian brain, with its expression regulated by neuronal and endocrine signals.
1 µmol.l-110 µM(ferret)0.1 µM(ferret)100 pg/ovary(rat)215 nM(rat)1.8 nM(bovine)2.3 nM(bovine)6.8 nM(bovine)9.0 nM(bovine)4.2 nM(porcine)1.6 nM(human)12 nM(rat)12 nM(rat)100 nM(rat)
PubMed
Safety

Safety & Handling

Research Gaps

There is a lack of comprehensive human clinical trials assessing the efficacy and safety of VIP receptor antagonists in cancer treatment, particularly in relation to long-term effects and potential side effects. Additionally, the precise mechanisms by which VIP influences T-cell activation and anti-leukemia responses remain unclear, necessitating further investigation into the signaling pathways involved.

Solubility

VIP is soluble in water and dilute acetic acid but has limited solubility in organic solvents like acetonitrile and DMSO.

Storage & Handling

Lyophilized

Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C

Reconstituted

Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C

Avoid

Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light

Solvent

Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended

Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.

Legal Status

Legal Status

🇩🇪DE

Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.

🇺🇸US

Not approved by the FDA as a medicinal product. Not scheduled by the DEA.

🇦🇺AU

Not listed in the TGA schedules.

🇬🇧UK

Not approved by the MHRA as a medicinal product.

Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.

Community Insights

Community Insights

Publications per Year

48 total
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24
Pricing

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Mechanism

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Mechanism

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Legal Disclaimer

This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer