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Thymosin Alpha-1

Ta1 · Thymalfasin · Zadaxin

Immune SystemApproved
From$1.59/mgCompare prices
MW
3108.3g/mol
Formula
C129H215N33O55

Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA1) is a synthetic polypeptide derived from thymic tissue, classified as an immunomodulatory agent. Researchers primarily study TA1 for its potential applications in enhancing immune responses against viral infections, malignancies, and age-related immune decline. Key findings from clinical trials indicate that TA1 can promote T-cell differentiation and improve immune function, with evidence of hepatitis B virus clearance in a significant proportion of treated patients. Additionally, studies suggest that TA1 may enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy in cancer treatment by modulating immune responses. Currently, TA1 is undergoing various clinical trials to further evaluate its effectiveness in treating hepatitis B and C, as well as other conditions such as cancer and immunodeficiency.

Chemical Profile

Chemical Profile

Chemical structure
Chemical Structure
FormulaC129H215N33O55
Molecular Weight3108.3 g/mol
CAS Number62304-98-7
PubChem CID16130571

Half-Life

SCSubcutaneous

~2-4 hours

IMIntramuscular

~2-4 hours

IVIntravenous

Data limited

INIntranasal

Not applicable

POOral

Poor bioavailability

Bioavailability is highest with parenteral administration; oral administration is ineffective.

Mechanism

Mechanism of Action

Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA1) modulates the immune system primarily through the activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which initiates downstream signaling pathways such as NF-κB and MAPK pathways, leading to enhanced T-cell differentiation and proliferation. It stimulates both innate and adaptive immune responses, promoting the activation of dendritic cells and macrophages, thereby facilitating a robust immune response against pathogens and tumors. The precise molecular mechanisms and all receptor interactions involved in TA1's immunomodulatory effects remain to be fully elucidated.

Research

89 Research Publications

1,666

Total Citations

24

Human/RCT

1.7

Avg. Influence

2025

Latest

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#01

Thymosin Alpha 1 Reduces the Mortality of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 by Restoration of Lymphocytopenia and Reversion of Exhausted T Cells.

HumanInfluence6.0
118
Researchers observed that Thymosin Alpha-1 significantly reduced mortality in severe COVID-19 patients by restoring lymphocytopenia and reversing T cell exhaustion.
1.6 mg (900 micrograms/m2)subcutaneously(human)twice a week
PubMed
#02

Thymic endocrinology.

Review
65
The study demonstrated that thymosin alpha 1 and other thymic hormones play a crucial role in maintaining T-cell function and immune responses, particularly in the context of aging.
1.6 mg (900 micrograms/m2)subcutaneously(human)twice a week
PubMed
#03

Immune Modulation with Thymosin Alpha 1 Treatment.

King R & Tuthill C · Vitamins and hormones · 2016

ReviewInfluence2.0
63
The study demonstrated that thymosin alpha-1 (Tα1) activates multiple immune cell subsets, showing potential for treating immune suppression related to aging and various diseases.

Key findings

  1. 01Researchers observed that Ta1 affects multiple immune cell types involved in immune suppression.
  2. 02The study found that Ta1 activates signaling pathways in immune cells, leading to increased production of immune-related cytokines.
  3. 03Extensive preclinical and clinical studies suggest Ta1's potential for enhancing immune function in various health conditions.
1.6 mg (900 micrograms/m2)subcutaneously(human)twice a week
PubMed
#04

Thymosin α-1 Reverses M2 Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages during Efferocytosis.

Wei Yi-Ting, et al. · Cancer research · 2022

Animal
55
The study demonstrated that thymosin alpha-1 (Tα-1) reverses M2 polarization of macrophages during efferocytosis, enhancing the antitumor effects of chemotherapy in breast cancer models.

Key findings

  1. 01Tα-1 reverses the M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages during the clearance of dying tumor cells.
  2. 02Tα-1 enhances the function of immune cells, specifically CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, in the tumor environment.
  3. 03Combining Tα-1 with chemotherapy significantly suppresses tumor growth in a breast cancer model.
1.6 mg (900 micrograms/m2)subcutaneously(human)twice a week
PubMed
#05

Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature.

ReviewInfluence4.0
53
Researchers observed that thymosin alpha-1 enhances immune function and reduces morbidity in severe infections, warranting further investigation into its antiviral properties.
1.6 mg (900 micrograms/m2)subcutaneously(human)twice a week
PubMed
#06

T-cell adjuvants.

ReviewInfluence2.0
51
Researchers observed that thymosin alpha 1 may augment TH-1 and delayed type hypersensitivity responses, suggesting its potential role in cancer and HIV treatment strategies.
1.6 mg (900 micrograms/m2)subcutaneously(human)twice a week
PubMed
#07

Thymosin alpha 1: biological activities, applications and genetic engineering production.

ReviewInfluence3.0
50
The study demonstrated that thymosin alpha 1 enhances immune responses and has potential for biotechnological production, supporting its clinical applications.
1.6 mg (900 micrograms/m2)subcutaneously(human)twice a week
PubMed
#08

Thymosin alpha 1 and HIV-1: recent advances and future perspectives.

ReviewInfluence2.0
47
The study demonstrated that thymosin alpha-1 can restore immune homeostasis in HIV-1 infected patients, addressing persistent inflammation and immunological unresponsiveness.
1.6 mg (900 micrograms/m2)subcutaneously(human)twice a week
PubMed
#09

Circadian rhythm of thymosin-alpha 1 in normal and thymectomized mice.

Animal
46
Researchers observed that Thymosin Alpha-1 exhibits a circadian rhythm in mice, which may correlate with optimal immune function.
1.6 mg (900 micrograms/m2)subcutaneously(human)twice a week
PubMed
#10

Historical review of thymosin α 1 in infectious diseases.

ReviewInfluence2.0
46
The study demonstrated that thymosin alpha 1 has a favorable safety profile and may enhance immune responses in various infectious diseases, although optimal dosing and treatment protocols require further investigation.
1.6 mg (900 micrograms/m2)subcutaneously(human)twice a week
PubMed
Safety

Safety & Handling

Research Gaps

No long-term safety and efficacy data for thymosin alpha-1 in geriatric populations have been established, particularly regarding its use in combination therapies for cancer and chronic infections. Additionally, the precise molecular mechanisms by which thymosin alpha-1 modulates immune responses in various disease contexts remain unclear, necessitating further investigation into its signaling pathways and interactions with immune cells.

Solubility

Thymosin Alpha-1 is soluble in water and saline solutions.

Storage & Handling

Lyophilized

Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C

Reconstituted

Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C

Avoid

Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light

Solvent

Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended

Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.

Legal Status

Legal Status

🇩🇪DE

Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.

🇺🇸US

Not FDA approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance.

🇦🇺AU

Not approved by the TGA as a medicinal product.

🇬🇧UK

Not approved by MHRA as a medicinal product.

Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.

Community Insights

Community Insights

Publications per Year

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Pricing

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Mechanism

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Mechanism

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Legal Disclaimer

This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer