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Thymosin Alpha-1

Ta1 · Thymalfasin · Zadaxin

Immune SystemApproved
From$1.59/mgCompare prices
MW
3108.3g/mol
Formula
C129H215N33O55

Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1) is a synthetic polypeptide derived from the thymus gland, classified as an immunomodulatory peptide. Researchers primarily study Tα1 for its potential to enhance immune function and address various conditions, including age-related immune decline, viral infections, and cancer. Key findings from clinical trials indicate that Tα1 can improve vaccine responses in the elderly and may augment T-cell function in patients with hepatitis B and C. Additionally, preclinical evidence suggests Tα1's role in modulating immune responses in HIV-1 infection and autoimmune disorders. Current research continues to explore its efficacy and safety across a range of therapeutic applications, highlighting its promise as a versatile immune modulator.

Chemical Profile

Chemical Profile

Chemical structure
Chemical Structure
FormulaC129H215N33O55
Molecular Weight3108.3 g/mol
CAS Number62304-98-7
PubChem CID16130571

Half-Life

SCSubcutaneous

~2-4 hours

IMIntramuscular

~2-4 hours

IVIntravenous

Data limited

INIntranasal

Not applicable

POOral

Poor bioavailability

Bioavailability is highest with parenteral administration; oral administration is ineffective.

Mechanism

Mechanism of Action

Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1) primarily acts through the modulation of T-cell function by binding to specific receptors on thymocytes and T-cells, although the exact receptors involved remain to be fully elucidated. It activates various signaling pathways, including the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, leading to enhanced T-cell differentiation, proliferation, and cytokine production, which collectively contribute to immune restoration and anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, Tα1 influences dendritic cell and macrophage activity, promoting a balanced immune response, although the complete molecular mechanisms underlying its actions are not fully understood.

Research

91 Research Publications

1,883

Total Citations

24

Human/RCT

1.7

Avg. Influence

2025

Latest

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#01

Thymosin Alpha 1 Reduces the Mortality of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 by Restoration of Lymphocytopenia and Reversion of Exhausted T Cells.

HumanInfluence6.0
120
The study demonstrated that Thymosin alpha-1 significantly reduced mortality in severe COVID-19 patients by restoring lymphocyte levels and reversing T cell exhaustion.
1.6 mg (900 micrograms/m2)subcutaneously(human)twice a week
PubMed
#02

Thymosin alpha 1 attenuates lipid peroxidation and improves fructose-induced steatohepatitis in rats.

AnimalInfluence3.0
108
Researchers observed that thymosin alpha-1 administration in rats with fructose-induced steatosis significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and improved antioxidant status compared to untreated controls.
1.6 mg (900 micrograms/m2)subcutaneously(human)twice a week
PubMed
#03

Thymic endocrinology.

In Vitro
65
Researchers observed that thymosin alpha 1 is present as a native peptide in various tissues, challenging previous assumptions about its existence.
1.6 mg (900 micrograms/m2)subcutaneously(human)twice a week
PubMed
#04

Immune Modulation with Thymosin Alpha 1 Treatment.

King R & Tuthill C · Vitamins and hormones · 2016

ReviewInfluence2.0
65
Researchers observed that thymosin alpha 1 activates multiple immune cell subsets and stimulates cytokine production, indicating its utility in addressing immune suppression.

Key findings

  1. 01Researchers observed that Ta1 affects multiple immune cell types involved in immune suppression.
  2. 02The study found that Ta1 activates signaling pathways in immune cells, leading to increased production of immune-related cytokines.
  3. 03Extensive preclinical and clinical studies suggest Ta1's potential for enhancing immune function in various health conditions.
1.6 mg (900 micrograms/m2)subcutaneously(human)twice a week
PubMed
#05

Thymosin α1 reverses oncolytic adenovirus-induced M2 polarization of macrophages to improve antitumor immunity and therapeutic efficacy.

AnimalInfluence1.0
61
The study demonstrated that Thymosin Alpha-1 reprograms tumor-associated macrophages from an M2 to an antitumoral phenotype, enhancing the efficacy of oncolytic adenovirus therapy.
1.6 mg (900 micrograms/m2)subcutaneously(human)twice a week
PubMed
#06

Thymosin α-1 Reverses M2 Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages during Efferocytosis.

Wei Yi-Ting, et al. · Cancer research · 2022

AnimalInfluence1.0
60
The study demonstrated that thymosin alpha 1 reversed M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages, enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy in breast cancer models.

Key findings

  1. 01Tα-1 reverses the M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages during the clearance of dying tumor cells.
  2. 02Tα-1 enhances the function of immune cells, specifically CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, in the tumor environment.
  3. 03Combining Tα-1 with chemotherapy significantly suppresses tumor growth in a breast cancer model.
1.6 mg (900 micrograms/m2)subcutaneously(human)twice a week
PubMed
#07

Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature.

ReviewInfluence4.0
53
Researchers observed that thymosin alpha-1 enhances immune function and reduces morbidity in severe infections, warranting further investigation into its antiviral properties.
1.6 mg (900 micrograms/m2)subcutaneously(human)twice a week
PubMed
#08

Thymosin alpha 1: biological activities, applications and genetic engineering production.

ReviewInfluence3.0
52
The review summarized the diverse biological activities of Thymosin alpha-1 and highlighted the need for improved production methods for clinical applications.
1.6 mg (900 micrograms/m2)subcutaneously(human)twice a week
PubMed
#09

T-cell adjuvants.

ReviewInfluence2.0
51
The study demonstrated that thymosin alpha-1 can enhance T-cell responses, suggesting its potential as a T-cell adjuvant in cancer and infection treatments.
1.6 mg (900 micrograms/m2)subcutaneously(human)twice a week
PubMed
#10

Thymosin alpha 1 and HIV-1: recent advances and future perspectives.

ReviewInfluence2.0
47
The study demonstrated that Thymosin Alpha-1 can restore immune system homeostasis in HIV-1 infected patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy.
1.6 mg (900 micrograms/m2)subcutaneously(human)twice a week
PubMed
Safety

Safety & Handling

Research Gaps

The long-term efficacy and safety of Thymosin Alpha-1 in geriatric populations remain unvalidated, particularly regarding its potential to mitigate age-related immune dysfunction over extended periods. Additionally, the specific molecular mechanisms mediating the diverse effects of Thymosin Alpha-1 in various conditions, such as HIV-1 infection and autoimmune diseases, are not yet fully understood.

Solubility

Thymosin Alpha-1 is soluble in water and saline solutions.

Storage & Handling

Lyophilized

Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C

Reconstituted

Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C

Avoid

Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light

Solvent

Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended

Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.

Legal Status

Legal Status

🇩🇪DE

Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.

🇺🇸US

Not FDA approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance.

🇦🇺AU

Not approved by the TGA as a medicinal product.

🇬🇧UK

Not approved by MHRA as a medicinal product.

Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.

Community Insights

Community Insights

Publications per Year

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Pricing

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Mechanism

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Mechanism

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Legal Disclaimer

This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer