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Thymosin Alpha-1

Ta1 · Thymalfasin · Zadaxin

Immune SystemApproved

MW: 3108.3g/mol
Formula: C129H215N33O55

Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1) is a synthetic polypeptide derived from the thymus gland, classified as an immunomodulatory peptide. Researchers primarily study Tα1 for its potential to enhance immune responses and address various health conditions, including viral infections, cancers, and age-related immune decline. Key findings from studies indicate that Tα1 stimulates T-cell differentiation and enhances thymic output, which may improve vaccine responses in the elderly and mitigate immunosenescence. Additionally, preclinical evidence suggests that Tα1 can synergize with chemotherapy to bolster anti-tumor immune responses. Currently, Tα1 is undergoing clinical trials for conditions such as hepatitis B and C, with ongoing research exploring its broader therapeutic applications.

Chemical Profile

Chemical Structure

Formula	C129H215N33O55
Molecular Weight	3108.3 g/mol
CAS Number	62304-98-7
PubChem CID	16130571

Half-Life

SCSubcutaneous

~2-4 hours

IMIntramuscular

~2-4 hours

IVIntravenous

Data limited

INIntranasal

Not applicable

POOral

Poor bioavailability

Bioavailability is highest with parenteral administration; oral administration is ineffective.

Mechanism

Mechanism of Action

Thymosin alpha-1 (Tα1) primarily exerts its immunomodulatory effects through the activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which initiate downstream signaling pathways such as the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. This activation enhances T-cell differentiation, promotes the proliferation and activation of innate immune cells (e.g., dendritic cells and macrophages), and modulates cytokine production, thereby restoring immune homeostasis and improving responses to infections and malignancies. While the precise molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated, Tα1's pleiotropic effects on immune cells suggest a complex interplay of signaling pathways influenced by the immune microenvironment.

Research

116 Research Publications

2,031

Total Citations

Human/RCT

1.7

Avg. Influence

2025

Latest

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01Top

#01

Thymosin Alpha 1 Reduces the Mortality of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 by Restoration of Lymphocytopenia and Reversion of Exhausted T Cells.

HumanInfluence6.0

122

Researchers observed that Thymosin Alpha-1 significantly reduced mortality in severe COVID-19 patients by restoring lymphocyte levels and reversing T cell exhaustion.

1.6 mg (900 micrograms/m2)subcutaneously(human)twice a week3.2 mginjected(human)for 7 days116.5 μmol/mlnot mentioned(not mentioned)not mentioned1.334 μmol/mlnot mentioned(not mentioned)not mentioned24 and 48 μg/mlnot mentioned(human)24 h12 μg/mlnot mentioned(not mentioned)not mentioned6 and 12 μg/mlnot mentioned(not mentioned)not mentioned3, 6 and 12 μg/mlnot mentioned(not mentioned)not mentioned

PubMed

02Top

#02

Thymosin alpha 1 attenuates lipid peroxidation and improves fructose-induced steatohepatitis in rats.

AnimalInfluence3.0

109

Researchers observed that thymosin alpha 1 treatment improved biochemical and histological markers of fructose-induced steatohepatitis in rats, indicating its protective effects on liver health.

PubMed

03Top

#03

Thymosin α1 reverses oncolytic adenovirus-induced M2 polarization of macrophages to improve antitumor immunity and therapeutic efficacy.

AnimalInfluence1.0

The study demonstrated that thymosin alpha-1 reprograms M2-polarized macrophages to enhance antitumor immunity in the context of oncolytic adenovirus therapy.

PubMed

#04

Thymic endocrinology.

Review

The study demonstrated that various hormones influence thymic endocrinology, which declines with age, contributing to immune senescence and associated diseases.

15 µg/100 g body weightnot mentioned(mouse)not mentioned250 µg/100 g of body weightnot mentioned(mouse)not mentioned1.25 µg in 50 microl salineintraplantar(rat)not mentioned50 µg in 100 microlintraperitoneal(rat)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-5) Mnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned10(-8) to 10(-3) Mnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned10(8) plaque forming units (pfu)/animalintramuscular(rat)not mentioned123 +/- 22 fg/mlnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned598 +/- 144 fg/mlnot mentioned(rat)not mentioned

PubMed

#05

Immune Modulation with Thymosin Alpha 1 Treatment.

King R & Tuthill C · Vitamins and hormones · 2016

ReviewInfluence2.0

Researchers observed that thymosin alpha-1 activates multiple immune cell subsets, suggesting its potential utility in treating immune suppression due to various diseases.

Key findings

01Researchers observed that Ta1 affects multiple immune cell types involved in immune suppression.
02The study found that Ta1 activates signaling pathways in immune cells, leading to increased production of immune-related cytokines.
03Extensive preclinical and clinical studies suggest Ta1's potential for enhancing immune function in various health conditions.

PubMed

#06

Thymosin α-1 Reverses M2 Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages during Efferocytosis.

Wei Yi-Ting, et al. · Cancer research · 2022

HumanInfluence1.0

The study demonstrated that thymosin alpha-1 reverses M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages during efferocytosis, enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy in breast cancer models.

Key findings

01Tα-1 reverses the M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages during the clearance of dying tumor cells.
02Tα-1 enhances the function of immune cells, specifically CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, in the tumor environment.
03Combining Tα-1 with chemotherapy significantly suppresses tumor growth in a breast cancer model.

PubMed

#07

Combination thymosin alpha 1 and lymphoblastoid interferon treatment in chronic hepatitis C.

Human

The study demonstrated that combination therapy with thymosin alpha 1 and lymphoblastoid interferon resulted in a significant reduction of HCV RNA in chronic hepatitis C patients.

1.6 mg (900 micrograms/m2)subcutaneously(human)twice a week

PubMed

#08

Thymosin alpha 1: biological activities, applications and genetic engineering production.

AnimalInfluence3.0

The study demonstrated that thymosin alpha-1 enhances immune responses and has potential for biotechnological production, highlighting its clinical applications.

PubMed

#09

Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature.

ReviewInfluence4.0

Researchers observed that thymosin alpha-1 enhances immune function and reduces morbidity in severe infections, warranting further investigation into its antiviral properties.

1.6 mg (900 micrograms/m2)subcutaneously(human)twice a week

PubMed

#10

T-cell adjuvants.

ReviewInfluence2.0

Researchers observed that thymosin alpha-1 and other thymomimetic peptides can augment T-cell responses, offering new strategies for cancer and infection treatments.

PubMed

Safety

Safety & Handling

Research Gaps

No long-term efficacy and safety studies of Thymosin Alpha-1 in geriatric populations have been conducted to validate its therapeutic potential. Additionally, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying Tα1's immunomodulatory effects, particularly in diverse immune microenvironments and various disease conditions, remain unclear and warrant further investigation.

Solubility

Thymosin Alpha-1 is soluble in water and saline solutions.

Storage & Handling

Lyophilized

Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C

Reconstituted

Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C

Avoid

Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light

Solvent

Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended

Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.

Legal Status

🇩🇪DE

Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.

🇺🇸US

Not FDA approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance.

🇦🇺AU

Not approved by the TGA as a medicinal product.

🇬🇧UK

Not approved by MHRA as a medicinal product.

Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.

Community Insights

Publications per Year

48 total

Pricing

Price Comparison

BESTProgen PeptidesUS
20mg
$31.89
Price/mg
$1.59/mg
View
RetaOneLabsUS
10mg
$32.00
Price/mg
$3.20/mg
View
Welli LabsUS
10mg
$39.99
Price/mg
$4.00/mg
View
Progen PeptidesUS
5mg
$24.19
Price/mg
$4.84/mg
View
FitSKNS PeptidesUS
10mg
$55.00
Price/mg
$5.50/mg
View

Vendor	Amount	Price	Price/mg	Link
BESTProgen PeptidesUS	20mg	$31.89	$1.59/mg	View
RetaOneLabsUS	10mg	$32.00	$3.20/mg	View
Welli LabsUS	10mg	$39.99	$4.00/mg	View
Progen PeptidesUS	5mg	$24.19	$4.84/mg	View
FitSKNS PeptidesUS	10mg	$55.00	$5.50/mg	View

Top 5 of 52 offers from 44 vendors. Prices updated daily.

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Mechanism

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Mechanism

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Legal Disclaimer

This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer