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Spermidine

N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine

Anti-Aging & LongevityPhase III
MW
145.25g/mol
Formula
C7H19N3

Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine, classified as a biogenic amine, that is synthesized from the amino acid ornithine and is found in various biological systems, including plants and animals. Researchers primarily study spermidine for its potential roles in promoting autophagy, enhancing cellular health, and extending lifespan. Key findings from recent studies indicate that spermidine supplementation can improve cardiovascular function and reduce neuroinflammation, particularly in models of Alzheimer's disease, by activating autophagy and modulating inflammatory responses. Additionally, spermidine has been identified as a critical factor in overcoming resistance to cancer therapies, as it influences the translation of key proteins involved in tumor progression. Current research continues to explore the diverse biological effects of spermidine and its mechanisms of action across various health contexts.

Chemical Profile

Chemical Profile

Chemical structure
Chemical Structure
FormulaC7H19N3
Molecular Weight145.25 g/mol
CAS Number124-20-9
PubChem CID1102

Half-Life

INIntranasal

Not applicable

POOral

Poor bioavailability

Due to its polycationic nature, spermidine has limited absorption when administered orally.

Mechanism

Mechanism of Action

Spermidine enhances autophagy and mitochondrial respiration through the hypusination of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), which promotes the translation of mitochondrial proteins involved in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). It also modulates inflammatory responses in microglia by regulating TLR3- and TLR4-mediated signaling pathways, thereby reducing neuroinflammation and promoting amyloid beta degradation. The precise molecular mechanisms underlying spermidine's effects on various signaling pathways remain to be fully elucidated.

Research

126 Research Publications

6,905

Total Citations

18

Human/RCT

4.0

Avg. Influence

2025

Latest

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#01

Cardioprotection and lifespan extension by the natural polyamine spermidine.

AnimalInfluence31.0
1073
Researchers observed that oral spermidine supplementation extends lifespan and provides cardioprotection in aging mice by enhancing cardiac autophagy and reducing inflammation.
50 mg/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)daily
PubMed
#02

Metabolism and functions of trypanothione in the Kinetoplastida.

ReviewInfluence21.0
739
Researchers observed that trypanothione, formed by conjugating spermidine and glutathione, plays a crucial role in the defense against oxidative damage in trypanosomatids.
50 mg/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)daily15 mg/kgin vivo(mouse)final cumulative dose
PubMed
#03

Polyamines and eIF5A Hypusination Modulate Mitochondrial Respiration and Macrophage Activation.

AnimalInfluence16.0
360
Researchers observed that hypusinated eIF5A, regulated by spermidine, enhances mitochondrial protein expression and influences macrophage activation.
50 mg/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)daily
PubMed
#04

The post-translational synthesis of a polyamine-derived amino acid, hypusine, in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A).

ReviewInfluence13.0
344
The study demonstrated that hypusine, formed from spermidine, is essential for the function of eIF5A, highlighting a unique post-translational modification critical for cell proliferation.
PubMed
#05

Functional significance of eIF5A and its hypusine modification in eukaryotes.

ReviewInfluence14.0
338
The study demonstrated that hypusine modification of eIF5A is essential for cell growth and protein synthesis, indicating its potential as a target for intervention in cell proliferation.
50 mg/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)daily
PubMed
#06

Polyamines Control eIF5A Hypusination, TFEB Translation, and Autophagy to Reverse B Cell Senescence.

AnimalInfluence13.0
313
The study demonstrated that spermidine induces autophagy and rejuvenates memory B cell responses, reversing immune senescence in humans.
50 mg/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)daily
PubMed
#07

Targeting the polyamine biosynthetic enzymes: a promising approach to therapy of African sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, and leishmaniasis.

ReviewInfluence7.0
175
Researchers observed that targeting polyamine biosynthetic enzymes, including those involved in spermidine synthesis, presents a promising approach for developing therapies against trypanosomatid infections.
PubMed
#08

Polyamine metabolism in Leishmania: from arginine to trypanothione.

ReviewInfluence4.0
155
The study demonstrated that polyamines, including spermidine, are vital for the growth and survival of Leishmania parasites, highlighting potential drug targets in their biosynthesis.
50 mg/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)daily
PubMed
#09

Spermidine is essential for fasting-mediated autophagy and longevity.

AnimalInfluence6.0
151
The study demonstrated that spermidine is essential for fasting-induced autophagy and longevity across multiple species, including humans.
50 mg/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)daily
PubMed
#10

Posttranslational synthesis of hypusine: evolutionary progression and specificity of the hypusine modification.

ReviewInfluence6.0
143
The study demonstrated that the hypusine modification of eIF5A, which involves spermidine, is essential for eukaryotic cell growth and is characterized by strict enzyme specificity, indicating its evolutionary importance.
50 mg/kgintraperitoneal(mouse)daily25-100 μMin vitro(cell)not specified50 mg/kgin vivo(mouse)not specified
PubMed
Safety

Safety & Handling

Research Gaps

No randomized controlled human trials have been conducted to assess the long-term effects of spermidine supplementation on cardiovascular health and longevity in humans. Additionally, the precise molecular mechanisms by which spermidine influences neuroinflammation and amyloid beta degradation in Alzheimer's disease remain unclear, particularly in relation to its effects on specific microglial populations and inflammasome assembly.

Solubility

Spermidine is highly soluble in water but has limited solubility in organic solvents like acetonitrile and DMSO.

Storage & Handling

Lyophilized

Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C

Reconstituted

Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C

Avoid

Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light

Solvent

Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended

Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.

Legal Status

Legal Status

🇩🇪DE

Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.

🇺🇸US

Not approved by the FDA as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance.

🇦🇺AU

Not listed under TGA scheduling.

🇬🇧UK

Not approved by MHRA as a medicinal product.

Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.

Community Insights

Community Insights

Publications per Year

50 total
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Mechanism

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Legal Disclaimer

This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer