N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine
Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine that plays a crucial role in cellular processes such as autophagy and cellular growth. Researchers primarily study spermidine for its potential effects on longevity, cardiovascular health, and neuroprotection. Key findings indicate that spermidine supplementation can enhance autophagy, reduce cardiac hypertrophy, and mitigate neuroinflammation associated with conditions like Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, studies suggest that spermidine levels increase during fasting and caloric restriction, linking it to improved healthspan and lifespan across various model organisms. Current research continues to explore the mechanisms underlying spermidine's effects and its potential applications in age-related diseases.
| Formula | C7H19N3 |
| Molecular Weight | 145.25 g/mol |
| CAS Number | 124-20-9 |
| PubChem CID | 1102 |
Not applicable
Poor bioavailability
Due to its polycationic nature, spermidine has limited absorption when administered orally.
Spermidine enhances autophagy through the hypusination of the translation initiation factor eIF5A, which promotes the expression of mitochondrial proteins involved in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). This process is linked to the modulation of macrophage activation and the regulation of inflammatory responses via TLR3 and TLR4 signaling pathways. Additionally, spermidine reduces neuroinflammation and amyloid beta levels in Alzheimer's disease models by activating autophagy in microglia, although the complete mechanistic details remain to be fully elucidated.
5,039
Total Citations
8
Human/RCT
4.7
Avg. Influence
2025
Latest
The study demonstrated that oral spermidine supplementation extends lifespan and provides cardioprotection in mice by enhancing cardiac autophagy and reducing inflammation.
Researchers observed that trypanothione, formed from spermidine, plays a critical role in the defense against oxidative damage in trypanosomatids, suggesting its potential as a drug target.
The study demonstrated that hypusinated eIF5A, regulated by spermidine, promotes mitochondrial protein expression and supports macrophage activation in response to metabolic demands.
The study demonstrated that the hypusine modification of eIF5A, derived from spermidine, is essential for cell growth and protein synthesis in eukaryotes.
The study demonstrated that spermidine induces autophagy and rejuvenates memory B cell responses in aging humans by modifying eIF5A.
Researchers observed that Leishmania parasites rely on spermidine for growth and survival, making enzymes involved in its synthesis potential drug targets.
The study demonstrated that the hypusine modification of eIF5A, which involves spermidine, is essential for eukaryotic cell growth and is characterized by strict enzyme specificity, indicating its evolutionary importance.
Researchers observed that spermidine levels increase during fasting, mediating autophagy and longevity across species including yeast, flies, mice, and humans.
Researchers observed that polyamines, including spermidine, modulate protein synthesis through eIF5A, contributing to cell growth and viability.
Researchers observed that dietary spermidine boosts eIF5A hypusination, which declines with age and is linked to mitochondrial respiration and cognitive decline in the Drosophila brain.
No long-term human trials have been conducted to assess the sustained effects of spermidine supplementation on cardiovascular health and longevity. Additionally, the precise molecular mechanisms by which spermidine modulates macrophage activation and its implications for immune response regulation remain unclear.
Solubility
Spermidine is highly soluble in water but has limited solubility in organic solvents like acetonitrile and DMSO.
Lyophilized
Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C
Reconstituted
Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C
Avoid
Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light
Solvent
Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended
Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.
🇩🇪DE
Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.
🇺🇸US
Not approved by the FDA as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance.
🇦🇺AU
Not listed under TGA scheduling.
🇬🇧UK
Not approved by MHRA as a medicinal product.
Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.
Publications per Year
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