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SS-31

Elamipretide · MTP-131 · Bendavia

Anti-Aging & LongevityPhase II
From$2.30/mgCompare prices
MW
639.8g/mol
Formula
C32H49N9O5

SS-31, also known as Elamipretide, is a mitochondria-targeting peptide classified as an antioxidant. Researchers primarily study it for its potential protective effects against mitochondrial dysfunction and associated pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases and cardiac conditions. Key findings from recent studies indicate that SS-31 can ameliorate cognitive deficits induced by oxidative stress and inflammation, enhance mitochondrial function, and inhibit ferroptosis in various cell types. Additionally, preclinical evidence suggests that SS-31 may mitigate damage in models of diabetic cardiomyopathy and epilepsy by modulating key cellular pathways. Current research continues to explore its therapeutic implications across a range of diseases linked to mitochondrial dysfunction.

Chemical Profile

Chemical Profile

Chemical structure
Chemical Structure
FormulaC32H49N9O5
Molecular Weight639.8 g/mol
CAS Number736992-21-5
PubChem CID11764719

Half-Life

SCSubcutaneous

~4 hours

IVIntravenous

~30 minutes

INIntranasal

Not applicable

POOral

Poor bioavailability

SS-31 is rapidly distributed and cleared, with a short half-life that varies depending on the route of administration.

Mechanism

Mechanism of Action

SS-31 (elamipretide) acts as a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant that mitigates oxidative stress and ferroptosis by regulating the mitochondrial glutathione (mitoGSH)/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) pathway, thereby enhancing mitochondrial integrity and function. It also inhibits the p38 MAPK signaling pathway, reducing lipid peroxidation and preventing neuronal cell death in various models of neuroinflammation and ischemia-reperfusion injury. While its protective mechanisms are becoming clearer, the full extent of its interactions with specific receptors and additional signaling pathways remains to be fully elucidated.

Research

69 Research Publications

2,461

Total Citations

5

Human/RCT

1.8

Avg. Influence

2026

Latest

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#01

Elamipretide (SS-31) improves mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic and memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice.

Zhao Weixing, et al. · Journal of neuroinflammation · 2019

AnimalInfluence7.0
171
The study demonstrated that elamipretide (SS-31) significantly ameliorated LPS-induced learning and memory impairment in mice by improving mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress.

Key findings

  1. 01Elamipretide significantly improved memory performance in mice affected by lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation.
  2. 02The treatment reduced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain.
  3. 03Elamipretide enhanced the signaling of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which is important for synaptic health.
10, 20 or 50 µM SS‑31not specified(H9C2 cells)24 h
PubMed
#02

Mitochondrial protein interaction landscape of SS-31.

In VitroInfluence3.0
155
Researchers observed that SS-31 interacts with proteins involved in ATP production and metabolic processes, providing insights into its mitochondrial therapeutic mechanisms.
10, 20 or 50 µM SS‑31not specified(H9C2 cells)24 h
PubMed
#03

Enhanced efficiency of mitochondria-targeted peptide SS-31 for acute kidney injury by pH-responsive and AKI-kidney targeted nanopolyplexes.

AnimalInfluence3.0
143
Researchers observed that pH-responsive nanopolyplexes significantly enhanced the delivery efficiency of SS-31, leading to improved outcomes in acute kidney injury models.
10, 20 or 50 µM SS‑31not specified(H9C2 cells)24 h
PubMed
#04

Improving mitochondrial function with SS-31 reverses age-related redox stress and improves exercise tolerance in aged mice.

AnimalInfluence2.0
120
The study demonstrated that SS-31 restored redox homeostasis and improved exercise tolerance in aged mice without increasing mitochondrial content.
10, 20 or 50 µM SS‑31not specified(H9C2 cells)24 h
PubMed
#05

Novel cell-penetrating peptide targeting mitochondria.

In VitroInfluence2.0
109
Researchers observed that novel cell-penetrating peptides based on SS-31 enhanced mitochondrial uptake and exhibited antioxidant activity without cytotoxicity in cell culture models.
10, 20 or 50 µM SS‑31not mentioned(H9C2 cells)not mentioned2.5 mg/kg/day SS‑31intraperitoneal(diabetic C57BL/6J mice)4 weeks3 mg/kg/day SS-31not mentioned(aged mice)8 weeks5 mg/kgintraperitoneal(C57BL/6 mice)7 days2 mg/dintraperitoneal(mice)60 days1 h before CS exposurenot mentioned(mice)not mentioned
PubMed
#06

Mitochondria-targeted peptide SS-31 attenuates renal injury via an antioxidant effect in diabetic nephropathy.

AnimalInfluence3.0
108
The study demonstrated that SS-31 protects against high-glucose-induced renal injury in diabetic nephropathy by exerting antioxidant effects.
10, 20 or 50 µM SS‑31not specified(H9C2 cells)24 h
PubMed
#07

A ROS-Responsive Liposomal Composite Hydrogel Integrating Improved Mitochondrial Function and Pro-Angiogenesis for Efficient Treatment of Myocardial Infarction.

Zheng Zhi, et al. · Advanced healthcare materials · 2022

In VitroInfluence1.0
98
Researchers developed a special hydrogel that delivers drugs to heart cells affected by a heart attack. This study observed that the hydrogel improves heart cell function by targeting damaged mitochondria and promoting the growth of new blood vessels. The findings suggest a promising approach for enhancing recovery after a heart attack.

Key findings

  1. 01Researchers found that the hydrogel releases drugs that reduce harmful reactive oxygen species in heart cells.
  2. 02The study observed that the hydrogel improves mitochondrial function in heart cells.
  3. 03Researchers noted that the hydrogel promotes angiogenesis, which is the formation of new blood vessels.
PubMed
#08

The mitochondrial-targeted peptide, SS-31, improves glomerular architecture in mice of advanced age.

AnimalInfluence2.0
97
Researchers observed that SS-31 treatment improved glomerular architecture and reduced senescence in aged mice, indicating protective benefits on mitochondrial morphology and function.
10, 20 or 50 µM SS‑31not specified(H9C2 cells)24 h
PubMed
#09

Potential Therapeutic Candidates for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD).

Nashine Sonali · Cells · 2021

ReviewInfluence2.0
81
Researchers reviewed potential new treatments for Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), a major cause of blindness linked to aging. They identified several promising therapeutic candidates that may protect retinal cells and combat the disease's progression.

Key findings

  1. 01Researchers observed that retinal aging involves various changes, including inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction, contributing to AMD.
  2. 02The study highlighted several potential therapeutic candidates, including APE/REF-1 and Celecoxib, that may offer cytoprotection in AMD.
  3. 03Limited treatment options for AMD underscore the importance of exploring new therapeutic targets to improve patient outcomes.
PubMed
#10

Mitochondria targeted peptide SS-31 prevent on cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury via regulating mitochondrial ROS-NLRP3 pathway.

AnimalInfluence1.0
79
The study demonstrated that SS-31 protects against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in mice by regulating the mitochondrial ROS-NLRP3 pathway.
10, 20 or 50 µM SS‑31not specified(H9C2 cells)24 h
PubMed
Safety

Safety & Handling

Research Gaps

No clinical trials in humans have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SS-31 for treating conditions such as perioperative neurocognitive disorders or diabetic cardiomyopathy. Additionally, the precise molecular mechanisms by which SS-31 activates the mitoGPX4 pathway and its long-term effects on mitochondrial function and overall cellular health remain unclear.

Solubility

SS-31 is highly soluble in water and aqueous solutions.

Storage & Handling

Lyophilized

Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C

Reconstituted

Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C

Avoid

Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light

Solvent

Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended

Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.

Legal Status

Legal Status

🇩🇪DE

Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.

🇺🇸US

Not approved by the FDA as a medicinal product. Not scheduled by the DEA.

🇦🇺AU

Not approved by the TGA as a medicinal product.

🇬🇧UK

Not approved by the MHRA as a medicinal product.

Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.

Community Insights

Community Insights

Publications per Year

49 total
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Pricing

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Mechanism

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Legal Disclaimer

This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer