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SS-31

Elamipretide · MTP-131 · Bendavia

Anti-Aging & LongevityPhase II
From$1.50/mgCompare prices
MW
639.8g/mol
Formula
C32H49N9O5

Elamipretide, also known as SS-31, is a mitochondria-targeting peptide that has garnered attention for its potential therapeutic applications in various diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Researchers primarily study it for its ability to mitigate oxidative stress and improve mitochondrial function in conditions such as neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and renal diseases. Key findings from recent studies indicate that SS-31 can enhance cognitive performance in models of inflammatory-induced memory impairment and alleviate myocardial injury by suppressing ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, preclinical evidence suggests that SS-31 stabilizes mitochondrial structure and function, thereby reducing oxidative damage and promoting cellular health. Current research continues to explore its efficacy and safety across a range of conditions, highlighting its promise as a novel therapeutic agent.

Chemical Profile

Chemical Profile

Chemical structure
Chemical Structure
FormulaC32H49N9O5
Molecular Weight639.8 g/mol
CAS Number736992-21-5
PubChem CID11764719

Half-Life

SCSubcutaneous

~4 hours

IVIntravenous

~30 minutes

INIntranasal

Not applicable

POOral

Poor bioavailability

SS-31 is rapidly distributed and cleared, with a short half-life that varies depending on the route of administration.

Mechanism

Mechanism of Action

Elamipretide (SS-31) selectively binds to cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing mitochondrial cristae structure and enhancing ATP production while reducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. It modulates signaling pathways such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling, promoting synaptic plasticity and neuroprotection against oxidative stress and inflammation. Although its precise interactions with specific receptors and all downstream signaling pathways are not fully elucidated, SS-31 demonstrates significant effects on mitochondrial function and cellular homeostasis.

Research

101 Research Publications

3,800

Total Citations

7

Human/RCT

2.5

Avg. Influence

2026

Latest

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#01

First-in-class cardiolipin-protective compound as a therapeutic agent to restore mitochondrial bioenergetics.

ReviewInfluence23.0
517
Researchers observed that SS-31 protects cardiolipin and promotes mitochondrial bioenergetics by preventing cytochrome c from converting to a peroxidase, thereby supporting oxidative phosphorylation.
PubMed
#02

Mitochondrial approaches for neuroprotection.

ReviewInfluence6.0
292
Researchers observed that mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants, including SS-31, show promise in treating neurodegenerative diseases by targeting mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage.
2.5 mg/kg/dayintraperitoneal(diabetic C57BL/6J mice)4 weeks10, 20 or 50 µMnot mentioned(H9C2 cells)not mentioned
PubMed
#03

Elamipretide (SS-31) improves mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic and memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice.

Zhao Weixing, et al. · Journal of neuroinflammation · 2019

AnimalInfluence7.0
186
The study demonstrated that elamipretide (SS-31) significantly ameliorated LPS-induced learning and memory impairment in mice by improving mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress.

Key findings

  1. 01Elamipretide significantly improved memory performance in mice affected by lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation.
  2. 02The treatment reduced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain.
  3. 03Elamipretide enhanced the signaling of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which is important for synaptic health.
2.5 mg/kg/dayintraperitoneal(diabetic C57BL/6J mice)4 weeks10, 20 or 50 µMnot mentioned(H9C2 cells)not mentioned
PubMed
#04

Mitochondrial protein interaction landscape of SS-31.

AnimalInfluence3.0
169
Researchers observed that SS-31 interacts with mitochondrial proteins involved in ATP production and metabolic processes, providing insights into its mechanism of action for improving mitochondrial function.
2.5 mg/kg/dayintraperitoneal(diabetic C57BL/6J mice)4 weeks10, 20 or 50 µMnot mentioned(H9C2 cells)not mentioned
PubMed
#05

Enhanced efficiency of mitochondria-targeted peptide SS-31 for acute kidney injury by pH-responsive and AKI-kidney targeted nanopolyplexes.

AnimalInfluence3.0
152
The study demonstrated that pH-responsive and AKI-kidney targeted nanopolyplexes significantly enhance the delivery efficiency of SS-31, reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis in an acute kidney injury mouse model.
2.5 mg/kg/dayintraperitoneal(diabetic C57BL/6J mice)4 weeks10, 20 or 50 µMnot mentioned(H9C2 cells)not mentioned
PubMed
#06

Improving mitochondrial function with SS-31 reverses age-related redox stress and improves exercise tolerance in aged mice.

AnimalInfluence2.0
123
Researchers observed that treatment with SS-31 in aged mice restored redox homeostasis and improved exercise tolerance without increasing mitochondrial content, indicating enhanced mitochondrial function.
2.5 mg/kg/dayintraperitoneal(diabetic C57BL/6J mice)4 weeks10, 20 or 50 µMnot mentioned(H9C2 cells)not mentioned
PubMed
#07

Novel cell-penetrating peptide targeting mitochondria.

In VitroInfluence4.0
113
Researchers observed that the novel mitochondrial-targeting cell-penetrating peptide mtCPP-1 significantly increased cellular uptake and exhibited antioxidant activity compared to SS-31 without causing cytotoxicity.
2 mg/dintraperitoneal(mouse)60 d100 µM
PubMed
#08

Mitochondria-targeted peptide SS-31 attenuates renal injury via an antioxidant effect in diabetic nephropathy.

AnimalInfluence3.0
113
The study demonstrated that SS-31 alleviates oxidative stress and renal injury in diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting apoptosis and reducing pro-fibrotic markers in mouse models.
2.5 mg/kg/dayintraperitoneal(diabetic C57BL/6J mice)4 weeks10, 20 or 50 µMnot mentioned(H9C2 cells)not mentioned
PubMed
#09

Elamipretide: A Review of Its Structure, Mechanism of Action, and Therapeutic Potential.

Tung Cheryl, et al. · International journal of molecular sciences · 2025

ReviewInfluence4.0
110
Researchers observed that elamipretide (SS-31) shows significant therapeutic potential in stabilizing mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress across various disorders, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.

Key findings

  1. 01Elamipretide selectively binds to a lipid in mitochondria, stabilizing their structure.
  2. 02Preclinical studies indicated its protective effects in heart failure and neurodegenerative diseases.
  3. 03Clinical trials are underway to further explore its therapeutic potential and safety.
2.5 mg/kg/dayintraperitoneal(diabetic C57BL/6J mice)4 weeks10, 20 or 50 µMnot mentioned(H9C2 cells)not mentioned
PubMed
#10

The mitochondrial-targeted peptide, SS-31, improves glomerular architecture in mice of advanced age.

AnimalInfluence2.0
101
Researchers observed that SS-31 improves glomerular architecture and reduces senescence markers in aged mice, indicating protective benefits against age-related kidney changes.
2.5 mg/kg/dayintraperitoneal(diabetic C57BL/6J mice)4 weeks10, 20 or 50 µMnot mentioned(H9C2 cells)not mentioned
PubMed
Safety

Safety & Handling

Research Gaps

No randomized controlled human trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of SS-31 in diverse patient populations have been published. Additionally, the long-term effects and mechanisms underlying SS-31's action in various diseases, particularly in renal conditions, remain unclear and require further investigation.

Solubility

SS-31 is highly soluble in water and aqueous solutions.

Storage & Handling

Lyophilized

Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C

Reconstituted

Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C

Avoid

Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light

Solvent

Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended

Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.

Legal Status

Legal Status

🇩🇪DE

Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.

🇺🇸US

Not approved by the FDA as a medicinal product. Not scheduled by the DEA.

🇦🇺AU

Not approved by the TGA as a medicinal product.

🇬🇧UK

Not approved by the MHRA as a medicinal product.

Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.

Community Insights

Community Insights

Publications per Year

50 total
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Pricing

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Mechanism

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Mechanism

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Legal Disclaimer

This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer