Elamipretide · MTP-131 · Bendavia
Elamipretide, also known as SS-31, is a mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide that has garnered attention for its potential in addressing mitochondrial dysfunction across various diseases. Researchers primarily study it for its effects on oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, particularly in conditions like neurodegenerative disorders and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Key findings from studies indicate that SS-31 can improve mitochondrial function, enhance synaptic signaling, and reduce memory impairment in models of inflammatory stress, while also demonstrating protective effects in cardiac and renal models. Current research continues to explore its therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action, with ongoing clinical trials assessing its efficacy in diverse conditions associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
| Formula | C32H49N9O5 |
| Molecular Weight | 639.8 g/mol |
| CAS Number | 736992-21-5 |
| PubChem CID | 11764719 |
~4 hours
~30 minutes
Not applicable
Poor bioavailability
SS-31 is rapidly distributed and cleared, with a short half-life that varies depending on the route of administration.
Elamipretide (SS-31) selectively binds to cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing mitochondrial cristae structure and reducing oxidative stress, which enhances ATP production. It modulates signaling pathways related to mitochondrial function, including the regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling and the inhibition of ferroptosis through maintenance of iron homeostasis and oxidative stress mitigation. While its precise interactions with specific receptors and all signaling pathways are not fully elucidated, its protective effects on mitochondrial integrity and function are well-documented.
2,923
Total Citations
5
Human/RCT
1.8
Avg. Influence
2026
Latest
Researchers observed that mitochondrial-targeted therapies, including SS-31, hold promise for neuroprotection in various neurodegenerative diseases by addressing mitochondrial dysfunction.
Zhao Weixing, et al. · Journal of neuroinflammation · 2019
Researchers observed that treatment with elamipretide (SS-31) significantly ameliorated LPS-induced learning and memory impairment in mice by protecting mitochondrial function and enhancing synaptic signaling.
Key findings
Researchers observed that SS-31 interacts with mitochondrial proteins involved in ATP production and metabolic processes, providing insights into its pharmacological effects.
Researchers observed that pH-responsive nanopolyplexes significantly enhance the therapeutic efficiency of SS-31 in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in an acute kidney injury mouse model.
The study demonstrated that treatment with SS-31 restored redox homeostasis and improved exercise tolerance in aged mice by enhancing mitochondrial function and reducing mitochondrial oxidant production.
Researchers observed that the novel mitochondrial cell-penetrating peptide mtCPP-1 increased cellular uptake by 35% compared to SS-31 and effectively prevented oxidative damage in bEnd.3 cells.
The study demonstrated that SS-31 protects against high-glucose-induced renal injury in diabetic mice by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis.
The study demonstrated that SS-31 improves age-related mitochondrial morphology and reduces glomerulosclerosis in aged mice, indicating protective benefits on kidney architecture.
Zheng Zhi, et al. · Advanced healthcare materials · 2022
Researchers developed a special hydrogel that delivers drugs to heart cells affected by a heart attack. This study observed that the hydrogel improves heart cell function by targeting damaged mitochondria and promoting the growth of new blood vessels. The findings suggest a promising approach for enhancing recovery after a heart attack.
Key findings
Tung Cheryl, et al. · International journal of molecular sciences · 2025
Researchers observed that elamipretide (SS-31) stabilizes mitochondrial function and reduces oxidative stress, showing significant therapeutic potential across various disorders.
Key findings
No randomized controlled trials in humans have been conducted to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of SS-31 in various clinical settings. Additionally, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying SS-31's protective effects against renal diseases and its interactions with other cellular pathways remain unclear.
Solubility
SS-31 is highly soluble in water and aqueous solutions.
Lyophilized
Stable for 2+ years at -20°C, 12 months at 4°C
Reconstituted
Use within 14 days when refrigerated at 4°C
Avoid
Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, direct light
Solvent
Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline recommended
Safety information is derived from published research and may not reflect all known risks. This is not medical advice.
🇩🇪DE
Not approved as a medicinal product. Not a controlled substance. Sale as research chemical is a legal grey area.
🇺🇸US
Not approved by the FDA as a medicinal product. Not scheduled by the DEA.
🇦🇺AU
Not approved by the TGA as a medicinal product.
🇬🇧UK
Not approved by the MHRA as a medicinal product.
Legal status information is provided for general reference only and may not reflect the most current regulatory changes. Always verify with official government sources before making any decisions.
Publications per Year
49 total| Vendor | Amount | Price | Price/mg | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
BESTNextech LabsUS | 50mg | $115.00 | $2.30/mg | |
Amino AmigosUS | 15mg | $35.00 | $2.33/mg | |
Peptide CraftersUS | 39mg | $95.00 | $2.44/mg | |
RCpeptidesEU | 50mg | $137.70 | $2.75/mg | |
RetaOneLabsUS | 10mg | $34.00 | $3.40/mg |
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This page is for informational and research purposes only. All information is based on published scientific literature and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Many substances listed may not be approved for human use and may be subject to drug regulation laws (e.g., AMG in Germany, FDA in the US). PepStack does not encourage the use of any substance on humans. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions. Use of this information is entirely at your own risk. PepStack assumes no liability for the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the content provided. Full disclaimer