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GHK

GHK (glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine) is a naturally occurring tripeptide found in human serum, known for its regenerative and protective properties. Researchers primarily study GHK for its potential in tissue repair, anti-aging effects, and wound healing applications. Key findings indicate that GHK stimulates collagen and elastin synthesis, enhances nerve outgrowth, and exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, contributing to improved skin elasticity and reduced wrinkles. Additionally, studies suggest that GHK's copper complex, GHK-Cu, plays a significant role in promoting tissue remodeling and cellular regeneration. Current research continues to explore its diverse biological actions and potential therapeutic applications across various fields, including dermatology and regenerative medicine.

Thymulin

Thymulin is a thymic peptide hormone produced exclusively by the epithelial cells of the thymus, consisting of a nonapeptide linked to zinc, which is essential for its biological activity. Researchers primarily study thymulin for its role in T cell differentiation and its potential therapeutic applications, particularly in the context of autoimmune diseases and neuroendocrine regulation. Key findings indicate that thymulin possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, with studies suggesting its efficacy in improving blood-brain barrier conditions and modulating immune responses in models of multiple sclerosis and severe autoimmune diseases. Current research is focused on exploring the molecular biology of thymulin and its therapeutic potential, including gene therapy approaches aimed at restoring thymulin levels in thymodeficient models.

IGF-1 DES

IGF-1 DES, or des(1-3)-insulin-like growth factor 1, is a truncated analog of the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) that exhibits reduced affinity for insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs). Researchers primarily study IGF-1 DES to understand its effects on cellular growth, differentiation, and its potential role in various pathological conditions, including cancer and neuronal injury. Key findings indicate that while IGF-1 effectively reduces neuronal loss following hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, IGF-1 DES does not exhibit the same neuroprotective effects, suggesting a complex interaction with IGFBPs that modulates IGF-1's activity. Additionally, studies have shown that enforced expression of IGF-1 DES in prostate epithelial cells can lead to hyperplastic growth, highlighting its potential implications in cancer biology. Current research continues to explore the biological significance and therapeutic potential of IGF-1 DES in various contexts.

Follistatin 344

Follistatin 344 (FS344) is a peptide derived from the follistatin protein, primarily known for its role in inhibiting myostatin, a negative regulator of muscle growth. Researchers primarily study FS344 for its potential to enhance muscle mass and its implications in various muscle-related disorders. Key findings from studies indicate that transgenic expression of follistatin in livestock leads to significant increases in skeletal muscle mass, while other research highlights potential ocular side effects, such as central serous chorioretinopathy, in athletes using high doses of FS344. Current research status reveals ongoing investigations into the safety and efficacy of FS344, particularly in the context of its unapproved use in sports and bodybuilding, alongside the development of detection methods for illicitly marketed products.

LL-37

LL-37, also known as cathelicidin, is a human antimicrobial peptide that plays a crucial role in the immune system by exhibiting both antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. Researchers primarily study LL-37 for its multifaceted effects on inflammation, cancer progression, and its involvement in various diseases, including atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Key findings indicate that LL-37 can promote tumorigenic effects in certain cancers while exerting anti-cancer properties in others, and it has been linked to microglial activation and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Current research continues to explore the complex roles of LL-37 in different physiological and pathological contexts, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target in inflammation-related diseases and cancers.

Larazotide

Larazotide acetate is an eight-amino acid peptide classified as a tight junction regulator, primarily derived from the zonulin family of proteins. Researchers primarily study it for its potential role in restoring intestinal barrier function, particularly in conditions such as celiac disease, where gliadin-induced immune reactivity disrupts this barrier. Key findings from recent studies suggest that Larazotide acts as a zonulin antagonist, reducing barrier permeability and facilitating the rearrangement of tight junction proteins, which may also have implications for other inflammatory diseases, including autoimmune disorders and atopic dermatitis. Current research is focused on its efficacy in phase III clinical trials for celiac disease and exploring its broader therapeutic potential in various inflammatory conditions.

Cortagen

Cortagen is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro) derived from the natural brain cortex peptide preparation Cortexin, classified as a peptide bioregulator. Researchers primarily study Cortagen for its potential neuroprotective and regenerative effects in various tissues, particularly in the context of aging and injury. Key findings indicate that Cortagen enhances the recovery of nerve function in ischemic models and promotes gene expression changes in cardiac tissues, suggesting its influence on both neurological and cardiovascular parameters. Additionally, studies suggest that Cortagen may modulate epigenetic processes, highlighting its role in cellular aging and regeneration. Current research continues to explore its mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications across different biological systems.

NAD+

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a crucial coenzyme found in all living cells, playing a vital role in redox reactions and cellular metabolism. Researchers primarily study NAD+ for its involvement in energy production, cellular signaling, and its potential implications in various health conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorders. Key findings suggest that NAD+ levels are altered in conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, where decreased nicotinamide levels correlate with neuroinflammation, and that NAD+ metabolism is intricately linked to intestinal homeostasis and glucose metabolism. Additionally, studies indicate that niacin, a precursor of NAD+, may have therapeutic potential in neurological disorders by modulating immune responses and neuroinflammation. Current research continues to explore the multifaceted roles of NAD+ in health and disease, highlighting its promise as a target for innovative therapeutic strategies.

Cortisol

DHEA

Estradiol

Ferritin

HbA1c

hsCRP